Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. The treatment of cancer remains a challenge for medical professionals. Although various options, like chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, are available to manage cancer, their use could be limited due to serious adverse effects. Therefore, advancements are highly essential to treat cancer properly. Nanotechnology provides new rays of hope for the effective treatment of cancer. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery carriers (NCs), such as nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, polyplexes, and many more, offer treatment strategies due to their ability to target cancer cells. As these NCs target cancer cells, the exposure of other tissues to the drug is very less. Hence, these NCs exhibit fewer side effects in comparison with standard anti-cancer drugs. Here, we try to summarize a precise introduction of different NCs and their role in cancer therapy.
Purpose of Review Japanese encephalitis (JE), a clinical indication of JE virus–induced brain inflammation, is the most prevalent cause of viral encephalitis in the world. This review gives a comprehensive update on the epidemiology, clinical features, therapeutic trials and approaches for preventing the spread of JE. It also outlines the different JE vaccines used in various countries and recommendations for administration of JE vaccines. Recent Findings According to the WHO, annual incidence of JE is estimated to be approximately 68,000 cases worldwide. It is widespread across Asia–Pacific, with a potential for worldwide transmission. In endemic locations, JE is believed to affect children below 6 years of age, but in newly affected areas, both adults and children are at risk due to a lack of protective antibodies. Various vaccines have been developed for the prevention of JE and are being administered in endemic countries. Summary JE is a neuroinvasive disease that causes symptoms ranging from simple fever to severe encephalitis and death. Despite a vast number of clinical trials on various drugs, there is still no complete cure available, and it can only be prevented by adequate vaccination. Various nanotechnological approaches for the prevention and treatment of JE are outlined in this review. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11908-022-00786-1.
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