Liquid films with thicknesses on the order of 1 mm were commonly used for the study of drop impingement onto a wetted surface. This is because films thinner than 1 mm are difficult to generate and measure due to capillary meniscus. In this work a novel method to produce thin films of well-defined thickness has been developed. Also a reliable process with minimum uncertainty to determine film thickness was proposed. New splashing phenomena were observed for drop impact onto thin films. It is found that the critical splash level (the threshold Weber number) is insensitive to film thickness for a given solid surface if the film is sufficiently thin. It is also shown that the critical splash level increases with liquid viscosity.
A sulfur cathode with high capacity per area (>7 mA h cm(-2)) and high sulfur loading (6.7 mg cm(-2)) was fabricated by synthesizing a carbon fiber cloth-sulfur composite via a simple method. It is worth noting that an ingenious method is adopted which can improve the performance of Li-S batteries by forming in situ polysulfide ions.
A series of large mesoporous carbons (LMC, 20-50 nm) with hierarchical porosities has been prepared using commercially available CaCO 3 nanoparticles as a template, formaldehyde (PF) resin as carbon precursor, and HCl solution for removing the template. During the carbonization process, the CaCO 3 template decomposes releasing CO 2 which serves as an activating agent to active the carbon materials producing micropores and mesopores as well as enlarging pore sizes. This effect can be named as the ''CO 2 inner-activation effect'', which is proved by comparing the carbon yield, N 2 adsorption/ desorption isotherms, pore-size distribution and textual parameters of carbon materials carbonized at two critical temperatures, namely, 900 C (higher than the pyrolysis temperature of CaCO 3 ) and 650 C (lower than the pyrolysis temperature of CaCO 3 ). Our results show that the LMC samples prepared at different ratios of CaCO 3 to PF have BET surface areas ranging from 503 to 1215 m 2 g À1 , and pore volumes ranging from 1.8 to 9.0 cm 3 g À1 . This one-step carbonization method with a CO 2 inneractivation effect provides a novel route to prepare large mesoporous carbons and hierarchical porous carbon materials.
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