This study focused on the factor structure, invariance, reliability, and validity of two DASS versions: DASS-21 and DASS-9. Dimensionality was examined with Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analysis in 2271 Greek adults of the non-clinical population. Sample was split in three parts and the "3-faced construct validation method" was adopted. An EFA and a Bifactor EFA model were tested in the 20% subsample for both DASS-21 and DASS-9. Then, in the 40% subsample eleven CFA models were tested for DASS-21 and six for DASS-9 (using ICM-CFA, Bifactor CFA and ESEM). Optimal DASS-21 and DASS-9 models were successfully validated in the remaining 40% subsample (i.e. in a subsample of equal power). DASS-21 and DASS-9 showed strict measurement invariance across gender. Reliability (α and ω) and AVE convergent validity were adequate for both versions. Correlation analysis based on 10 different measures revealed a predominant uniform pattern of relations, similar for both versions. Considering all findings, the Greek versions of DASS-21 and DASS-9 are invariant, reliable and show construct and convergent validity.

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Knowledge about schizophrenia in Greece is poor. The Greek public has stigmatizing attitudes towards PWS. Educational interventions should especially target rural and semi-urban residents of a lower educational level. The role of television can be crucial.

This work focuses on presenting the development process of a self-reporting measurement instrument. Numerous scale development procedures are reviewed. They are all summarized into an overall framework of consecutive steps. A concise description is contained in each step. Issues covered comprise the following. First, the theoretical underpinning of the scale construct is described, along with the response specifications and response formats available (most popular like Likert and some more elaborated). Then the item writing guidelines follow together with strategies for discarding poor items when finalizing the item pool. The item selection criteria described comprise an expert panel review, pretesting and item analysis. Finally, the dimensionality evaluation is summarized along with test scoring and standardizing (norming). Scale construction has implications on research conclusions, affecting reliability and the statistical significance of the effects obtained or stated differently the accuracy and sensitivity of the instruments.

The purpose of this article is to highlight commonalities and facilitate links between the domains of psychotherapy and positive psychology. The authors describe the Broaden-and-Build theory and suggest that it has heuristic value for understanding psychotherapeutic processes. The authors propose that broadening represents a common factor in intrapersonal therapy that contributes to many helpful change events across different psychotherapies. The upward spiral in which positive emotions and broadening feed one another enlarges current psychotherapeutic conceptualizations by suggesting that positive emotions are not just indicators but also generators of change. The positive emotionbroadening spiral offers new avenues for research and ways to understand existing research, an alternative avenue to therapeutic change, and a method to tailor therapeutic work to individual clients. It also bridges researcher, clinician, and client points of view about key change events. Links between different viewpoints enhance therapeutic work. Links across lines of theorizing and research foster interdisciplinary ties that fertilize both fields.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the DASS-21 in a non-clinical sample of the Greek population. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21) is a self-report instrument measuring anxiety, depression and stress. The validation was carried out in a sample of 12,868 Greek adults, ranging from 18 to 65 years old. Results showed that the DASS21 has satisfactory reliability and validity indexes. Moreover, the factorial structure of the scale matches the ones found in previous studies in many countries. The results of this study suggest that the Greek DASS-21 can be used as a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of depression, anxiety and stress in the Greek population.

The present article examined the psychometric properties (factor structure, internal and test-retest reliability, convergent and criterion validity) of the Greek version of the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (G-ECR-R) self-report inventory. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the G-ECR-R is characterized by a clear two-factor structure consistent with adult attachment research and theory developed mainly in English-speaking countries. The results showed that the scale has adequate classical psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The G-ECR-R anxiety and avoidance dimensions showed convergent validity with the widely used Relationship Questionnaire ( Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991 ) as well as with theoretically relevant variables such as self-esteem and trait anxiety. The results also demonstrated criterion validity on measures of relationship satisfaction. The importance of using culturally validated dimensional measures of romantic attachment is discussed.

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