Dental stem cells are heterogeneous in their properties. Despite their common origin from neural crest stem cells, they have different functional capacities and biological functions due to niche influence. In this study, we assessed the differences between dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC) in their pluripotency and neuroepithelial markers transcription, morphological and functional features, osteoblast/odontoblast differentiation and proteomic profile during osteogenic differentiation. The data were collected in paired observations: two cell cultures, DPSC and PDLSC, were obtained from each donor. Both populations had the mesenchymal stem cells surface marker set exposed on their membranes but differed in Nestin (a marker of neuroectodermal origin) expression, morphology, and proliferation rate. OCT4 mRNA was revealed in DPSC and PDLSC, while OCT4 protein was present in the nuclei of DPSC only. However, transcription of OCT4 mRNA was 1000–10,000-fold lower in dental stem cells than in blastocysts. DPSC proliferated at a slower rate and have a shape closer to polygonal but they responded better to osteogenic stimuli as compared to PDLSC. RUNX2 mRNA was detected by qPCR in both types of dental stem cells but RUNX2 protein was detected by LC-MS/MS shotgun proteomics only in PDLSC suggesting the posttranscriptional regulation. DSPP and DMP1, marker genes of odontoblastic type of osteogenic differentiation, were transcribed in DPSC but not in PDLSC samples. Our results prove that DPSC and PDLSC are different in their biology and therapeutic potential: DPSC are a good candidate for osteogenic or odontogenic bone-replacement cell-seeded medicines, while fast proliferating PDLSC are a prospective candidate for other cell products.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) ‘educated’ by tumor cells are an essential component of the multiple myeloma (MM) tumor microenvironment (TME) involved in tumor progression. Transcription of tandemly repeated (TR) non-coding DNA is often activated in many tumors and is required for tumor progression and cancer cells genome reorganization. The aim of the work was to study functional properties including the TR DNA transcription profile of MSC from the hematopoietic niche of treated MM patients. Healthy donors (HD) and patients after bortezomib-based treatment (with partial or complete response, PoCR, and non-responders, NR) were enrolled in the study. Their trephine biopsies were examined histologically to evaluate the hematopoietic niche. MSC cultures obtained from the biopsies were used for evaluation of the proliferation rate, osteogenic differentiation, presence of tumor MSC markers, resistance to bortezomib, and pericentromeric TR DNA transcription level. The MSC ‘education’ by multiple myeloma cells was mimicked in co-culture experiments with or without bortezomib. The TR DNA transcription profile was accessed. The histological examination revealed the persistence of the tumor microenvironment (especially of the vasculature) in treated patients. In co-culture experiments, MSC of bortezomib-treated patients were more resistant to bortezomib and protected cancer MM cells of the RPMI8226 cell line more effectively than HD-MSC did. The MSC obtained from PoCR and NR samples differed in their functional properties (proliferation capacity, osteogenic potential, and cancer-associated fibroblasts markers). Transcriptome analysis revealed activation of the TR transcription in cells of non-hematopoietic origin from NR patients’ bone marrow. The pericentromeric TR DNA of HS2/HS3 families was among the most upregulated in stromal MSC but not in cancer cells. The highest level of transcription was observed in NR-MSC. Transcription of HS2/HS3 was not detected in healthy donors MSC unless they were co-cultured with MM cancer cells and acquired cancer-associated phenotype. Treatment with TNFα downregulated HS2/HS3 transcription in MSC and upregulated in MM cells. Our results suggest that the hematopoietic niche retains the cancer-associated phenotype after treatment. Pericentromeric non-coding DNA transcription is associated with the MSC cancer-associated phenotype in patients with ineffective or partially effective multiple myeloma treatment.

The article deals with the peculiarities of the functioning of similes in narrator’s and characters’ speech in Virgil’s “Aeneid.” The author of the article demonstrates the relation between the nature of the distribution of similes and the subject of speech, the content of the text and the development of the plot on the basis of quantitative data. As the analysis shows, similes in the narrator’s speech serve to describe and characterize heroes, people, gods, chthonic creatures and phenomena. Similes in the characters’ speech are used in communication with the shadows of the dead, prophetic dreams, prophecies, descriptions of chthonic creatures, as well as for characterizing actions of the opposing sides and individual heroes in the episode of the fall of Troy. The conclusion is that the distribution of similes in the text of the “Aeneid” is not accidental and follows the previous epic tradition: similes prevail in those parts and episodes of the poem in which the description of battles and duels is given, and they are concentrated in the speech of the narrator, in the speech of the characters they are significantly fewer. While preserving the features of continuity with the previous tradition, Virgil’s poem also distinguishes by its fundamental novelty in the creative selection and arrangement of aesthetic speech elements.

ОБ ИСТОЧНИКАХ ГРУППЫ СРАВНЕНИЙ В «АРГОНАВТИКЕ» ВАЛЕРИЯ ФЛАККА (6. 604-608, 609-612, 613-617)В статье рассматривается группа из трех последовательных сравнений в шестой книге «Аргонавтики» Валерия Флакка. Автор работы проводит анализ стихов, которые считаются их литератур-ными источниками: определяет сходства и различия между пассажами в отношении контекста, tertium comparationis и лексического напол-нения. Также в статье изучена авторская техника работы Валерия Флакка с материалом своих предшественников для создания собствен-ных сравнений.

This article tackles a string of similes in Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica 4. 682-688. To secure the possible sources of what seems to be a successive simile, I discuss the semantic complexity of the expression detorquet in ilia, the syntactic function of invito and cornu, and the problem of interpretation of Vulcanius ardor. Building on several scholars' opinions on the meaning of detorquet in ilia and coercere (v. 683) I suggest that there are two successive actions to this simile: a man tames the bull and then yokes a pair of them; accordingly, ilia stands for the man's, not the bull's groin. Invito cornu is taken as an ablative of means. An overview of scholarly opinion on the interpretation of Vulcanius ardor allows it to conjecture that it is the work going on in Vulcan's forge, the activity resulting in waves and roar. The list of possible sources of the second simile is supplemented by the passage from the Aeneid, 3. 554-557. The phenomenon of successive similes is absent in Virgil's Aeneid, but can be found in Homer's Iliad (8. 455-483). By contriving such strings Valerius Flaccus refers both to Homer and further develops this technique in his own way.

В статье рассматривается сравнение Медеи с собакой в седьмой книге «Аргонавтики» Валерия Флакка. Автор работы проводит анализ стихов, которые считаются его литературными источниками: определяет сходства и различия между пассажами в отношении контекста, tertium comparationis и лексического наполнения. Также в статье изучена авторская техника работы Валерия Флакка с материалом своих предшественников для создания собственных сравнений.

АНАСТАСИЯ ВИКТОРОВНА КОТОВА кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков Санкт-Петербургская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины (Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация) anastakot@gmail.com К ВОПРОСУ О ПРИНЦИПАХ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ ГРУППЫ СРАВНЕНИЙ В «АРГОНАВТИКЕ» ВАЛЕРИЯ ФЛАККА (4. 193-198, 4. 199-203)Целью статьи является установление принципов построения группы сравнений в эпической поэме «Аргонавтика» Валерия Флакка (стихи 4. 193-198, 4. 199-203). В первом сравнении существует текстологическая трудность: после стиха 195 имеется лакуна. Проводится анализ научных мнений и делается вывод о целесообразности принятия чтения, приведенного в издании Л. Каррио. Уделено внимание вопросу пространственной организации сравнений в тексте. Установлено, что в первом и втором сравнении имеет место совпадение объекта сравнения. Относительно tertia comparationis отмечено, что в анализируемой группе автор использует разные основания сравнения для акцентирования различных качеств объекта. Изучение авторской техники создания сравнений направлено на определение роли этого художественного приема в индивидуальном стиле автора. Научная значимость состоит в создании нового подхода к исследованию поэтики «Аргонавтики» Валерия Флакка, расширении теоретических знаний о сравнениях и о стилистике римского героического эпоса. Ключевые слова: язык художественного произведения, изобразительно-выразительные средства, сравнение, структура сравнений, группа сравнений Д л я ц и т и р о в а н и я : Котова А. В. К вопросу о принципах построения группы сравнений в «Аргонавтике» Валерия Флакка (4. 193-198, 4. 199-203) // Ученые записки Петрозаводского государственного университета.