The present paper is devoted to the study of the feasible region for demand values in a congested urban road network. Travel demand estimation is considered to be the inverse of the traffic assignment problem, formulated as a congestion game. We show that the corresponding estimation problem has the form of a bilevel optimization program with a weak-defined feasible set of upper-level solution variables (even a trivial solution leads to the global optimum). However, we are lucky to prove that for any congested urban road network there is a polygon in the space of demand values, which significantly narrows the area of optimal solution search for the considering bilevel problem. Moreover, such a polygon appears to be easily designed for an arbitrary road network, using solely observed congestion as input data. Thus, the findings obtained in the paper contribute to the development of tools for travel demand estimation in a congested urban road network.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, people began to use the Internet more actively. Accordingly, the question arises of how the accelerated digitalization, which became one of the results of the pandemic, has affected various aspects of our lives, including our attitude to the political power institutions. This article discusses the relation of Internet usage activity and the trust toward the political institutions in European countries. There are contradicting data in the literature regarding the relationship between institutional trust and the activity of using the Internet. We assumed that the direction of relationship is associated with the efficiency of the state power institutions. Based on the government effectiveness index, we have chosen five European countries with the highest government efficiency and five countries with the lowest. To assess the activity of using the Internet, we used data from the European Social Survey (ESS) that show the average frequency of Internet use during the month and the average duration of its use during the day. The dependent variables were respondents' assessments of their own trust in the different political institutions. Next, using multiple regression analysis, we assessed the relationship between two indicators of Internet use activity and trust in each of the institutions. The results of the regression analysis demonstrated that in the countries with low government efficiency, the activity of Internet usage is negatively associated with trust in various political institutions. In countries with high government efficiency, we found a positive relationship between Internet usage activity and institutional trust.
The article substantiates the role of foreign investment in the implementation of structural transformations in the economy, acceleration of enterprises’ investment activity, production modernization, and technical and technological re-equipment.
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