Due to the significant amount of DNA data that are being generated by next-generation sequencing machines for genomes of lengths ranging from megabases to gigabases, there is an increasing need to compress such data to a less space and a faster transmission. Different implementations of Huffman encoding incorporating the characteristics of DNA sequences prove to better compress DNA data. These implementations center on the concepts of selecting frequent repeats so as to force a skewed Huffman tree, as well as the construction of multiple Huffman trees when encoding. The implementations demonstrate improvements on the compression ratios for five genomes with lengths ranging from 5 to 50 Mbp, compared with the standard Huffman tree algorithm. The research hence suggests an improvement on all such DNA sequence compression algorithms that use the conventional Huffman encoding. The research suggests an improvement on all DNA sequence compression algorithms that use the conventional Huffman encoding. Accompanying software is publicly available (AL-Okaily, 2016 ).
BackgroundCurrent high-throughput sequencing technologies generate large numbers of relatively short and error-prone reads, making the de novo assembly problem challenging. Although high quality assemblies can be obtained by assembling multiple paired-end libraries with both short and long insert sizes, the latter are costly to generate. Recently, GAGE-B study showed that a remarkably good assembly quality can be obtained for bacterial genomes by state-of-the-art assemblers run on a single short-insert library with very high coverage.ResultsIn this paper, we introduce a novel hierarchical genome assembly (HGA) methodology that takes further advantage of such very high coverage by independently assembling disjoint subsets of reads, combining assemblies of the subsets, and finally re-assembling the combined contigs along with the original reads.ConclusionsWe empirically evaluated this methodology for 8 leading assemblers using 7 GAGE-B bacterial datasets consisting of 100 bp Illumina HiSeq and 250 bp Illumina MiSeq reads, with coverage ranging from 100x– ∼200x. The results show that for all evaluated datasets and using most evaluated assemblers (that were used to assemble the disjoint subsets), HGA leads to a significant improvement in the quality of the assembly based on N50 and corrected N50 metrics.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2515-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Approximate pattern matching is a fundamental problem in the bioinformatics and information retrieval applications. The problem involves different matching relations such as Hamming distance, edit distances, and the wildcards matching problem. The input is usually a text of length n over a fixed alphabet of length Σ, a pattern of length m, and an integer k. The output is to find all positions that have ≤ k Hamming distance, edit distance, or wildcards matching with P. Many algorithms and indexes have been proposed to solve the problems more efficiently, but due to the space and time complexities of the problems, most tools adopted heuristics approaches based on, for instance, suffix tree, suffix array, or Burrows Wheeler Transform to reach practical implementations. Error Tree is a novel tree structure that is mainly oriented to solve the approximate pattern matching problems, using less space and faster computation time. The algorithm proposes for Hamming distance and wildcards matching a tree structure that needs [Formula: see text] words and takes [Formula: see text] in the average case) of query time for any online/offline pattern, where occ is the number of outputs. In addition, a tree structure of [Formula: see text] words and [Formula: see text] in the average case) query time for edit distance for any online/offline pattern.
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