The antioxidant activity of isatin derivatives can be described with the presence of enolic hydroxyl group at the second position of the ring because of the keto‐enol tautomerism between NH and CO groups of indolone moiety. The reducing ability of the tested compounds was evaluated by their interaction with the stable free radical 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) at various concentrations. Novel spiro[oxindole‐isoxazolidine] derivatives (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i) have been synthesized by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of variously substituted maleimides (1) with isatin ketonitrone (3) and tested for their in vitro antioxidant potency in the DPPH assay. All the synthesized compounds have been identified as potent in vitro antioxidants.

No abstract

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer in men. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the biomarker used for the screening of prostate cancer and other prostate-related problems. Not only the genetic factors are involved dietary factors, environmental factors but also responsible for the development of prostate cancer. Risk factors such as family history, age, chemical exposure, infection, and smoking are at the peak point for the development of prostate disease. Advanced age is one of the main risk factors. Radical prostatectomy is the most common therapy for small group of patients with high-grade tumors. Early screening of PSA reduces the incidence rate of prostate cancer. Mostly prostate abnormalities are seen in among male patients above the age of 50 years or older. In worldwide population, the epidemiology of prostate cancer is high in western countries and less in Asian countries.

Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are mostly caused by Gram-negative organisms and is one of the major issues in patient safety. These infections are often associated with the medical processes of hospitals such as invasive medical devices and various surgical procedures. Gram-negative organisms account for most infections in the hospital environment because of their ability to acquire resistant against multiple antibiotics. Through different mechanisms including the synthesis of β-lactamases, overexpression of transmembrane efflux pump, loss of porins, synthesis of antibiotic modifying enzymes, target mutations, ribosomal mutation or modifications, mutations in lipopolysaccharide structure etc. these organisms have developed drug-resistant property and the genes encoded in plasmids play a vital role in developing the resistant. Among all Gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging pathogen that accounts for about 80% of all reported infections. Although other species of Acinetobacter are also often associated with HAIs. Acinetobacter is non-motile, obligate aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus and are ubiquitous free-living saprophytes in soil and water. It is commonly transmitted through medical devices such as ventilators, urinary catheters and other invasive devices in hospitals but its ability to colonize on the skin of individuals often increases the rate of transmission through person to person contact. Patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are at the major risk of getting infected by A. baumannii and these includes pneumonia/ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), bloodstream infections, wound abscesses, urinary tract infections etc.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), slowly continuous neurological disorder, mostly appears in older >65 age that deals with the memory loss due to death or damage of brain cells and cognitive functions (thinking, reasoning, and behavior abnormalities) due to the accumulation of the specific protein (betaamyloid protein) which form plaque and fibers (tau tangles) in the brain. Not only the genetic factors are responsible but also most of the non-genetic factors are responsible for AD. Several mutations in the gene (APP, APOE, PENS1, PENS2 on chromosome no. 21, 19, 14, 1) are responsible for causing four types of AD. Memory loss is most common sign of AD. Predisposing factors of AD are hereditary, severe brain injury or traumatic, and metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesteremia, and obesity. Although treatment can manage some symptoms in few people, but there is no current mechanism to cure AD or stop its progression. Beta-secretase inhibitor molecule prevents the first step in a chain accumulation which leads to the formation of amyloid plaque in the brain. However, the scientist or researchers have established a compound NIC5-15 they have been found NIC5-15 has safe and effectual treatment which has been used to stabilize cognitive performance in patients with mild to moderate AD.

No abstract

Antibiotic resistance is an emerging threat worldwide, endangering the treatment of serious diseases. Widespread resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) is a serious threat to the currently used antibacterial therapy. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are a group of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing extended-spectrum cephalosporins and are inhibited by clavulanic acid. These enzymes are a major cause of hospital-acquired infection and community-acquired infections caused by E. coli (Escherichia coli). E. coli forms a part of normal intestinal flora and is an important reservoir of the antibiotic-resistant genes for ESBLs. These resistant antibiotic genes can be easily spread among GNB as these are carried on plasmids. Fecal carriers of ESBL producing E. coli in hospitalized patients and in community can be a reservoir for person-to-person transmission strengthening their dissemination. Over the last few decades, there had been a considerable increase in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant enzymes favoring the predominance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which results in morbidity, mortality, and increased hospital expenditure. The gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in development of antibiotic-resistant microorganism and harboring the microorganisms as commensal. Antibiotic consumption may lead to alteration in the genome of the microorganisms leading to emergence of resistant microorganisms. The resistant microorganisms may then spread into the environment through faces aiding dissemination of the resistant genes.

An environmentally benign approach in aqueous medium by means of Lewis acid catalyst affords a wide spectrum of pyrazoline derivatives in satisfactory yields. [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of substituted azomethine-N-imines to maleimide in aqueous medium at relatively high concentrations of Lewis acid catalyst have emerged as an environment friendly alternative to conventional solvents. Promising catalytic activity has been revealed by Lewis acid like Cu (NO 3 ) 2 in aqueous medium. The obvious features of this synthetic protocol were short reaction time, high efficiency, less hazardous synthesis by benign solvent, catalysis, modest workup, and a clean reaction methodology.