Liquid State Machines are brain inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) with random reservoir connectivity and bio-mimetic neuronal and synaptic models. Reservoir computing networks are proposed as an alternative to deep neural networks to solve temporal classification problems. Previous studies suggest 2 nd order (double exponential) synaptic waveform to be crucial for achieving high accuracy for TI-46 spoken digits recognition. The proposal of long-time range (ms) bio-mimetic synaptic waveforms is a challenge to compact and power efficient neuromorphic hardware. In this work, we analyze the role of synaptic orders namely: 𝜹 (high output for single time step), 0 th (rectangular with a finite pulse width), 1 st (exponential fall) and 2 nd order (exponential rise and fall) and synaptic timescales on the reservoir output response and on the TI-46 spoken digits classification accuracy under a more comprehensive parameter sweep.We find the optimal operating point to be correlated to an optimal range of spiking activity in the reservoir. Further, the proposed 0 th order synapses perform at par with the biologically plausible 2 nd order synapses. This is substantial relaxation for circuit designers as synapses are the most abundant components in an in-memory implementation for SNNs. The circuit benefits for both analog and mixed-signal realizations of 0 th order synapse are highlighted demonstrating 2-3 orders of savings in area and power consumptions by eliminating Op-Amps and Digital to Analog Converter circuits. This has major implications on a complete neural network implementation with focus on peripheral limitations and algorithmic simplifications to overcome them.
E f f e c t o f i n t e r a c t i o n o f t w o a r b i t r a r i l y o r i e n t e d c r a c k s -A p p l i c a t i o n s -P a r t I I * *Abstract. The stress analysis for the problem of two arbitrarily oriented cracks is carried out in Part I. The problem is formulated using Kolossoff-Muskhelishvili's two complex stress function using the mapping technique and the Schwarz Alternative Method. As this is the most general geometry it has many particular cases. These cases are compared with the analytical solutions of other research workers such as Isida [10] in Part I, and Isida [5,9], Gdoutos [6], Gupta et al. [7] and Viola [8] etc. in Part II. The present results are in good agreement with those of other research workers and the finite element method solutions used.
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