Utility of graphical representation of EEG data and colourmaps are now well established. Research on localisation and activity in neuronal pathway are also progressing. The EEG data could be visualized simultaneously as colour-maps and as connected neuronal pathways simultaneously as a movie on a GUI for diagnosis and understanding of the brain activity. The colour-maps are generally constructed using ICA. In this paper, the same is constructed using a compressed sensing technique. A GUI with the connected graph and magnitudes are also generated from EEG.
Blind modulation classification (MC) is an integral part of designing an adaptive or intelligent transceiver for future wireless communications. Blind MC has several applications in the adaptive and automated systems of sixth generation (6G) communications to improve spectral efficiency and power efficiency, and reduce latency. It will become a integral part of intelligent software-defined radios (SDR) for future communication. In this paper, we provide various MC techniques for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in a systematic way. We focus on the most widely used statistical and machine learning (ML) models and emphasize their advantages and limitations. The statistical-based blind MC includes likelihood-based (LB), maximum a posteriori (MAP) and feature-based methods (FB). The ML-based automated MC includes k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), decision trees (DTs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and long short-term memory (LSTM) based MC methods. This survey will help the reader to understand the main characteristics of each technique, their advantages and disadvantages. We have also simulated some primary methods, i.e., statistical- and ML-based algorithms, under various constraints, which allows a fair comparison among different methodologies. The overall system performance in terms bit error rate (BER) in the presence of MC is also provided. We also provide a survey of some practical experiment works carried out through National Instrument hardware over an indoor propagation environment. In the end, open problems and possible directions for blind MC research are briefly discussed.
Cognitive Radio (CR) has become a hopeful technology to enhance the spectrum utilization through spectrum sharing between licensed user (primary user) and unlicensed user (secondary user). An vital rule mandated for the development of such frameworks are to develop solutions that don’t require any changes to the existing primary user (PU) infrastructure. An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is typically worn advancements in present wireless communication systems which has the possibility of fulfilling the demand for cognitive radios intrinsically or with slight changes. In this paper, Space time block codes is used. The various antennas used on both ends for trustworthy data broadcast and interference nulling schemes. These codes can accomplish full broadcast diversification determined via the number of broadcast antennas. The MIMO is worn for enhancing the power of a wireless link, to determine the issue for lower BER and achieve a superior performance.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.