In this paper, we comment on the recent two‐part paper by Goodwell and Kumar (2017a, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020216, 2017b, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020218) on quantifying three‐way interactions between variables using information theory. Their proposed method of partitioning interactions into unique, redundant, and synergistic information is valuable and has potential other applications in the field of water resources. We present an example to investigate the generality of their assumption that redundancy follows from dependency of the sources. In the broader context of information theoretical methods in the geosciences, we argue that implementation challenges stem mostly from issues that are intrinsic to learning patterns from limited data. These issues are only hidden by assumptions, but not absent, when using conventional correlation‐based methods. The flexibility of individually choosing assumptions in information theoretical methods gives them a myriad of potential applications in the study of complex systems.
Accurate estimate of precipitation is of paramount importance for assessing the hydrologic response of a river basin. Weather radar data integrated with rain gauge measurements are applied to characterize the spatial feature of the storm event producing precipitation over the basin. Ordinary kriging of rain gauge data, mean field bias, Brandes spatial adjustment, conditional merging (CM), and local bias techniques are applied in this study to evaluate the performance of these radar-rain gauge merging methods for hydrologic modelling of the Upper Thames River basin (UTRb), southwestern Ontario, Canada. Singularity-sensitive Bayesian merging method (SSBM) with a fine spatial resolution was also applied to retain the singularity character of the rainfall event. Rainfall-runoff simulations were carried out for three major storm events recorded in the UTRb using the HEC-HMS 4.0 hydrologic model. River flow analysis was performed for the comparison of results of HEC-RAS 4.1 hydraulic model with the observed rating curve. A novel methodology involving a dual-storage system is proposed to model three sub-basins of UTRb which displayed skewed and spiked observed runoff hydrographs. Using this dual-storage system for the three sub-basins it is found that CM and SSBM merging methods yielded optimal Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients for the prediction of runoff from these sub-basins.
Abstract. With the ever increasing and flourishing phenomena of growth in virtual environments based upon computer systems; demands for new kind of interaction devices have emerged. The present used devices like keyboard, mouse and pen are cumbrousome within these promising applications. The developments of user interfaces influence the changes in the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). This paper focuses to design an application using computer vision and gesture recognition techniques which develop a relatively economic input device of interacting with virtual games using hand gestures. The architecture of the gesture recognition system comprises of different image processing techniques like camshift, and Lucas Kanade technique for tracking of hands and its gestures. Haar like features locates the position of the hand and recognizes the gesture being made by such located hand image. The modeling of gestures has been done for recognition through matching the feature of defects present in the hand with the assigned gestures. The virtual game is created using Open GL library. The application uses seven gestures for manipulating the virtual game. This main connotation of this hand gesture recognition system is providing a substitute for input devices while making interaction during the virtual games. Hence instead of making effort to develop a new vocabulary of hand gesture we have matched control instruction set of mouse to subset of most discriminating hand gestures, so that we get a robust interface.
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