Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, affects dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress and gut damage play critical roles in PD pathogenesis. Inhibition of oxidative stress and gut damage can prevent neuronal death and delay PD progression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of embelin or the combination with levodopa (LD) in a rotenone-induced PD mouse model. At the end of experimentation, the mice were sacrificed and the midbrain was used to evaluate various biochemical parameters, such as nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, urea, and lipid peroxidation. In the substantia nigra (midbrain), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression was examined by immunohistochemistry, and Nurr1 expression was evaluated by western blotting. Gut histopathology was evaluated on tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In silico molecular docking studies of embelin and α-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils were also performed. Embelin alone or in combination with LD ameliorated oxidative stress and gut damage. TH and Nurr1 protein levels were also significantly restored. Docking studies confirmed the affinity of embelin toward α-syn. Taken together, embelin could be a promising drug for the treatment of PD, especially when combined with LD.
Purpose: The present work evaluated the neuroprotective potential of embelin either alone and in combination with Levodopa in rotenone induced PD (Parkinson's disease) model mice. Methods: Swiss albino male adult mice were randomly divided into 7 groups. Group-1 (Control) received 2mL/kg olive oil by oral route (p.o.), Groups from 2 to 7 were induced with 2.5mg/kg rotenone by intraperitoneal route (i.p.), levodopa was administered to Group-3. Group-4 and Group-5 were given 20mg/kg and 40mg/ kg embelin p.o. Group 6 and 7 were given embelin p.o. at dose of 20 mg and 40 mg/ kg respectively and also 7.5 mg/kg Levodopa p.o. At the end of the experiment (22 nd day), blood was withdrawn by retro-orbital puncture to estimate various biochemical parameters and organs such as liver and brain, were dissected for histopathological and histochemical studies. Results: Drug treatment with a combination of embelin (40 mg/ kg) and levodopa (7.5 mg/kg) to PD mice showed better neuroprotective activity than the remaining drug treatment groups based on the results from biochemical, histopathology and α-synuclein protein immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: The current in-vivo research showed that mice treated with embelin at a dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. along with reduced levodopa (7.5 mg/kg) standard therapy was effective to ameliorate rotenone induced PD complications.
The major health care problem in developing world is shifting from communicable diseases to noncommunicable disease which causes morbidities more than mortality affecting the personal efficiency.Hypertension is a major health care burden in developing countries like India causing both morbidity and mortality. Few studies shows that the hypertension prevalence has raised from 2% to 15% in rural population and 2% to 25% in urban population in last six decades in India. This research work aims to enumerate the price of commonly available oral antihypertensive drugs in India. It also aims to study the cost variation of oral antihypertensive drugs. The present study was carried out in the department of Pharmacology in a tertiary care medical college in south India. The cost analysis of individual drugs by different manufacturers were done. Percentage of cost variation was analysed. The variation in cost of most of the antihypertensive drugs is more than 100%. It's found maximum in Amlodipine (5mg) with cost variation of 625%, Atenolol 100 mg with cost variation of 413%. In India there is a wide price variation among antihypertensive drugs. The major gap in the cost variation of antihypertensive drugs to be narrowed for the benefit of the patients. So the government and the prescribing doctors should think about the huge difference in cost and work in the direction of benefitting the patient.
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