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Ultrasound has been used in physical therapy for > 4 decades. Recent studies indicate that non-thermal mechanisms such as cavitation are involved in the observed effects. Free radicals and other highly reactive compounds are known to form during sonochemical reactions associated with acoustic cavitation. Using frog skin as a biological model, the possibility that the increase in ionic conductance (Gt) upon exposure to therapeutic ultrasound is due to the effect of free radicals generated by sonochemical reactions, was investigated. It was found that the presence of cystamine, cysteamine and sodium ascorbate significantly reduced the increase in conductance caused by the exposure to 300 mW/cm2 (1 MHz CW) therapeutic ultrasound. The attenuation in the effects was dependent on the concentration of the radical scavengers/antioxidants used, the incubation time, and the intensity of ultrasound. The effects were also dependent on the lipid solubility of free radical scavengers/antioxidants. The time constant for the recovery process of Gt in the presence of free radical scavengers and antioxidants after exposure to ultrasound was found to be not significantly different from control. These results suggest that the increase in Gt due to ultrasound is induced by free radicals and other reactive species generated from acoustic cavitation. This study provides an indirect evidence to the contingent that free radicals are generated and act inside the cells. Furthermore, the radical scavengers and antioxidants used provide protection from oxidative damage without being involved in the recovery of Gt towards steady state values after sonication.

Temperature profiles were measured in large sections of bovine muscle and bovine liver exposed to single pulses from a clinical Nd:YAG laser. The data were analyzed with a photothermal model applicable to an incident gaussian beam including the effects of beam spread and heat flow. Closed form expressions for the radial average initial temperatures and thermal relaxation were derived and compared with the measurements.