Background: The aim of this study was to probe the best diagnostic tool for the detection of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) producing uropathogen and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile to treat the infections properly. Methods:Clinical samples of urine were cultured on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) Agar medium. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Phenotypic methods were used for further confirmation of β-lactamase production by phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test (PCDDT), double disc synergy test (DDST) and by E-test for ESBL production. Aswab on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar plates was used for further studies and the Optical Density (O.D.) of the cultures was set to 0.1 (at 530 nm).Results: Sample size N= 200 was selected from patients suffering from UTI. Out of the 200 samples, n=141 samples yielded Aerobic Gram Negative Bacteria (AGNB). The commonest organism isolated was E.coli n=108, best antimicrobial result of 95% was shown by imipenem. Among the AGNB isolates, 20 organisms (12.98%) were ESBL producers. E.coli showed highest ESBL production of 85%. The most effective antimicrobial in ESBL producers was Imipenem (84%) Augmentin was least sensitive (05%). Conclusion:ESBL production is a common phenomenon in UTI patients and screening by DDST for these enzymes is a good epidemiological tool to assess the overall situation in a certain setup.It was also seen that Imipenem (Carbapenem) is the drug of choice.
The current study reports the fabrication of co-combination gel using Pregabalin and Withania coagulans fruit extract to validate its effectiveness for neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat models. Three topical gels were prepared using Carbopol 934 through a pseudo-ternary phase diagram incorporating the Pregabalin (2.5%), Withania coagulans extract (2%), and co-combination of both Pregabalin (2.5%) and Withania coagulans extract (2%). Gels were characterized. FTIR showed a successful polymeric network of the gel without any interaction. The drug distribution at the molecular level was confirmed by XRD. The AFM images topographically indicated the rough surface of gels with a size range from 0.25 to 330 nm. DSC showed the disappearance of sharp peaks of the drug and extract, showing successful incorporation into the polymeric network of gels. The in vitro drug release of co-combination gel was 73% over 48 h. The mechanism of drug release by combination gel was Higuchi+ fickian with values of n (0.282) and R2 (0.947). An in vivo study for pain assessment via four methods: (i) heat hyperalgesia, (ii) cold allodynia, (iii) mechano-hyperalgesia, and (iv) dynamic mechano-allodynia, confirmed that topical treatment with co-combination gel reduced the pain significantly as indicated by the p value: R1 (p < 0.001), R2 (p < 0.001), R3 (p < 0.015), and R4 (p < 0.0344). The significance order was R2 (****) > R1 (***) > R3 (**) > R4 (*) > R5 (ns).
The current study depicts the comparative effects of nanogel using Withania coagulans extract, pregabalin alone, and a co-combination gel. The gels prepared were then analyzed for conductivity, viscosity, spread ability, globule size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and TEM. The globule size of the co-combination gel, determined by zeta sizer, was found to be (329 ± 0.573 nm). FTIR analysis confirms the successful development of gel, without any interaction. Drug distribution at the molecular level was confirmed by XRD. DSC revealed no bigger thermal changes. TEM images revealed spherical molecules with sizes of 200 nm for the co-combination gel. In vivo studies were carried out by infliction of third degree burn wounds on rat skin, and they confirmed that pregabalin and Withania coagulans heals the wound more effectively, with a wound contraction rate of 89.95%, compared to remaining groups. Anti-inflammatory activity (IL-6 and TNF-α), determined by the ELISA technique, shows that the co-combination gel group reduces the maximum inflammation with TNF-α value (132.2 pg/mL), compared to the control (140.22 pg/mL). Similarly, the IL-6 value was found to be (78 pg/mL) for the co-combination gel and (81 pg/mL) in the case of the control. Histopathologically, the co-combination gel heals wounds more quickly, compared to individual gel. These outcomes depict that a co-combination gel using plant extracts and drugs can be successfully used to treat burn injury.
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