Introduction: Face mask has been a vital protective equipment against COVID-19 in this pandemic era. Several ophthalmic complaints have been associated with face mask use, leading to the term "mask-associated dry eye". There's still a question that arises whether the duration of use contributes to the condition. This review aimed to assess the correlation between prolonged face mask use on dry eyes. Methods: A thorough systematic search was performed through PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, following the PRISMA 2020 Guideline. Keywords were "mask associated dry eye," OR "dry eye AND face mask" OR "OSDI" OR "tear break up time" AND "COVID-19 pandemic". Results: A total of 1130 articles were identified, and only six cross-sectional studies met the eligibility criteria. Prolonged face mask use is correlated with decreased TBUT in four studies, decreased Schirmer score in two studies, and lower TM parameter in one study. Increased duration of wearing mask is correlated with more frequent symptoms and severity of dry eye according to either OSDI, SPEED Questionnaire or another unspecified questionnaire found in five studies. Conclusion: Prolonged face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic contributes to increased symptoms and signs of dry eye.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) merupakan penyakit degeneratif makula yang mengakibatkan gangguan penglihatan sentral pada usia lanjut. AMD yang didapatkan pada sekitar 5,8% individu dengan kebutaan, merupakan penyebab kebutaan keempat terbanyak di dunia. Faktor risiko AMD meliputi usia, genetik, merokok, dan nutrisi. AMD diklasifikasikan menjadi AMD non-neovaskular (dry) dan neovaskular (wet). Pada tahap awal AMD sering tidak bergejala, pada tahap lanjut dapat ditemukan hilang penglihatan sentral disertai distorsi visual dengan gambaran drusen, geographic atrophy, atau neovaskularisasi koroid pada pemeriksaan fundus. Pencitraan retina diperlukan untuk menentukan tata laksana sesuai derajat penyakit. Penanganan AMD non-neovaskular saat ini ditekankan pada observasi dan kemampuan pasien untuk mengenali perubahan fungsi visual serta deteksi dini neovaskularisasi koroid. Modifikasi gaya hidup, seperti berhenti merokok dan suplementasi nutrisi, dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah progresivitas AMD. Terapi anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) saat ini merupakan pilihan untuk tata laksana AMD neovaskular. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a macular degenerative disease causing impaired central vision in elderly. AMD occurs in approximately 5.8% of individuals with blindness; it is the fourth leading cause of blindness in the world. The risk factors of AMD include age, genetics, smoking, and nutrition. AMD is classified into non-neovascular (dry) and neovascular (wet) AMD. Early AMD is often asymptomatic, loss of central vision with visual distortion can happen in the later stages. Drusen, geographic atrophy, or choroidal neovascularization can be observed in fundus examination. Retinal imaging is needed to determine management according to the stage of the disease. Current management of non-neovascular AMD is emphasized through observation and the patient’s ability to recognize changes in visual function as well as early detection of choroidal neovascularization. Lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and nutritional supplementation can prevent the progression of AMD. Anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) therapy is currently an option for the management of neovascular AMD.
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