Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to verify if the gender effects described in the wine consumer behaviour literature, namely, concerning information search and the motivations to buy, may be explained by the mediating effect of subjective knowledge, taking into consideration that the importance of knowledge in the decision process is gender specific. Design/methodology/approach-A path analysis was modelled with an exogenous variable (gender), a mediating variable (subjective knowledge) and four dependent variables (need for information and three motivational dimensions). The model was assessed with empirical data obtained from a sample of 523 shoppers in large supermarkets in the areas of Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal. Structured interviews were conducted at checkout, collecting information on the relevant variables. Scales measuring the latent variables (knowledge, information and motivation) were previously validated through confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 217 wine consumers. Findings-Subjective knowledge fully mediates the effects of gender on motivation and information needs. Men think of themselves as more knowledgeable in wines and the mediation effect explains why, compared to women, they use less personal information sources and are more motivated to purchase wine. Practical implications-The authors suggest promotion programmes in large supermarkets focussing on opportunities for wine knowledge development. Originality/value-The study contributes to the literature by introducing and validating an alternative formulation of gender effects on wine shopping, emphasising the role of the purchaser's perceived or subjective knowledge.
ResumoEste trabalho pretende avaliar de que modo a frequência de consumo de vinho depende do género do comprador e da ocasião a que se destina a compra. Para tal, foi desenvolvido e validado um modelo estrutural que incluiu o conhecimento subjetivo da categoria e as motivações para consumir como variáveis mediadoras. Os dados empíricos foram recolhidos de uma amostra de 523 compradores entrevistados após a compra em grandes superfícies retalhistas de Lisboa e Porto.Os resultados indicam que a frequência de consumo é explicada predominantemente pela ocasião de consumo no contexto de refeição normal, havendo também um efeito muito significativo da motivação por gratificação sensorial. O conhecimento subjetivo revelou-se um elemento fundamental no comportamento do consumidor, quer pela sua influência sobre as motivações, quer pela sua influência sobre a frequência de consumo. Sugere-se que o marketing de vinhos para compradores regulares reforce a perceção de confiança e de eficácia de decisão que costumam ser associadas aos elevados níveis de conhecimento percebido numa categoria de produto.Palavras-chave: comportamento do consumidor de vinho, conhecimento subjetivo, género, motivações para o consumo de vinhos, ocasião de consumo. AbstractTo assess how the buyers' gender and the occasion in which the wine is consumed influence the frequency of consumption stated by the buyer, the research presented here has developed and validated a structural model that included as mediating variables the subjective knowledge regarding the category and motivations to consume. Empirical data was collected from a sample of 523 buyers just after purchasing in major retail areas of Lisbon and Oporto.The results show that the frequency of consumption is explained mainly by consumption occasion in the context of an everyday meal, and that there is also a very significant effect of motivation for sensory gratification. The subjective knowledge proved to be a key element in consumer behaviour, both by its influence on the motivations and by its influence on the consumption frequency. It is suggested that wine marketing to regular buyers should reinforce their perception of selfefficacy, which is usually associated with high levels of perceived knowledge in a product category.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of R&D investment as a determinant of ongoing or abandoned innovation activities. The literature review focuses especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that deploy R&D investment as a way of developing innovation processes. Design/methodology/approach This study’s design used a sample of 4,229 Portuguese SMEs to analyse the effects R&D investment has on the innovation activities; the results obtained demonstrate the great importance of firms investing in R&D internal activities for the development of their innovation process. Findings The most important findings highlight the types of activities that emerge as relevant to innovation processes susceptible for development to avoid abandoning and maintaining ongoing innovation activities. Among them, the authors would highlight the design of products or services, the introduction of innovations to the market and the acquisition of machinery, equipment and specific software, among others. Originality/value In addition, other types of activities emerge as relevant to innovation processes susceptible for development to avoid abandoning and maintaining ongoing innovation activities. This research adds value to the current literature mainly showing several determinants related to R&D, which could be used by SMEs to improve and develop their activities of innovation.
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