The aim of this study was to evaluate penile anthropometry in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients compared with healthy controls and the possible relevant pubertal, clinical, hormonal and treatment factors that could influence penile dimensions. Twenty-five consecutive SLE patients were assessed by urological examination, sexual function, testicular ultrasound, hormones, sperm analysis, genetic analysis, clinical features and treatment. The control group included 25 age-matched healthy males. SLE patients had a lower median penis length and circumference [8 (7.5-10) vs. 10 (8-13) cm, p = 0.0001; 8 (7-10) vs. 10 (7-11) cm, p = 0.001; respectively], lower median testicular volume by right and left Prader [15 (10-25) vs. 20 (12-25) ml, p = 0.003; 15 (10-25) vs. 20 (12-25) ml, p = 0.006; respectively], higher median of follicle-stimulating hormone [5.8 (2.1-25) vs. 3.3 (1.9-9) IU/l, p = 0.002] and lower morning total testosterone levels (28% vs. 0%, p = 0.009) compared with controls. In spite of that, erectile dysfunction was not observed in patients or controls. Analyses of lupus patients revealed that the median penis circumference was lower in patients with disease onset before first ejaculation compared with those with disease onset after first ejaculation [7.8 (7-10) vs. 9.0 (7.5-10) cm, p = 0.026]. No differences were observed in the median penile anthropometry regarding sexual dysfunction (p = 0.610), lower morning total testosterone levels (p = 0.662), oligo/azoospermia (p = 0.705), SLE Disease Activity Index ≥ 4 (p = 0.562), Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR Damage Index ≥ 1 (p = 0.478), prednisone cumulative dose (p = 0.789) and intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy (p = 0.754). Klinefelteŕs syndrome (46XY/47XXY) was diagnosed in one (4%) SLE patient with decreased penile size whereas Y-chromosomal microdeletions was absent in all of them. In conclusion, we have identified reduced penile dimensions in SLE patients with no deleterious effect in erectile function. Disease onset before first ejaculation seems to affect penis development in pre-pubertal lupus.

Incidence of infectious diseases is higher in children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases than in the general population due to disease activity, possible immune deficiency secondary to the disease itself, or the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Vaccination is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in those patients. The objective of this study was to establish an evidence-based consensus on the efficacy and safety of vaccination in children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases. Passive immunization of patients and guidelines for people who live with immunosuppressed patients were also included. The 32 pediatric rheumatologists of the Rheumatology Department of the Pediatrics Society of São Paulo, (SPSP, from the Portuguese), São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and/or the Commission on Pediatrics Rheumatology of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology are responsible for this consensus; some of those professionals are involved on research and scientific publications in this field. The words efficacy and/or safety of different vaccines in children and adolescents with rheumatologic diseases were searched in Medline and Scielo data bases from 1966 to March 2009, including reviews, controlled studies, and case reports. The degree of recommendation and the scientific evidence of the studies were classified in four levels for each vaccine. As a rule, inactive and protein components vaccines are safe for patients with rheumatologic diseases, even in the presence of immunosuppressive therapy. However, live attenuated vaccines are, in general, contraindicated for immunosuppressed patients.

In order to analyze the knowledge and opinion of physicians about anencephaly, a cross-sectional study was performed, including 70 obstetrician-gynecologists and pediatricians of two hospitals in Goiania, Brazil. The interviewees answered a survey of 20 true or false closed questions. Their opinions were evaluated through a 5-subject questionnaire, with 31 affirmations with a Likert-type response scale. Most of the interviewees (70%) affirmed to have attended classes on anencephaly. The average of correct answers was 13.17. The assertive questions with the highest percentage of correct answers were on anencephalic pregnancy (80%) and the distinction between anencephaly and brain death (72%). The questions with the lowest number of correct answers were about the donation of anencephalic born alive babies' organs (35%) and about the legislation that permits pregnancy termination when anencephaly had been unequivocally diagnosed (47.1%). Among those heard, 30.41% agreed on the fact that anencephalic babies have life. In conclusion, anencephaly is still a controversial topic and physicians need to acquire more knowledge on the subject. Keywords: Abortion. Anencephaly. Brain death. Life. Congenital abnormalities. Embryonic development. Resumo Anencefalia: conhecimento e opinião dos médicos ginecologistas-obstetras e pediatras de GoiâniaObjetivando analisar o grau de conhecimento e opinião dos médicos sobre anencefalia, foi realizado estudo transversal com 70 ginecologistas-obstetras e pediatras de dois hospitais de Goiânia. Os entrevistados responderam a questionário com 20 perguntas fechadas, com opções "verdadeiro" ou "falso", abrangendo cinco temas distribuídos em 31 afirmações com respostas em escala tipo Likert. A maioria dos entrevistados afirmou ter assistido a aula sobre anencefalia (70%), e a média de acertos foi de 13,17 questões. As afirmações com mais acertos versavam sobre a gestação do anencéfalo (80%) e que anencefalia não significa morte encefálica (72%). As questões com menor número de acertos abordavam doação de órgãos de anencéfalo nascido vivo (35%) e a legislação que permite a interrupção da gestação perante diagnóstico inequívoco de anencefalia (47,1%). Dos profissionais ouvidos, 30,41% concordaram que o anencéfalo tem vida. Conclui-se que a anencefalia ainda é tema polêmico e necessita ser mais conhecida entre médicos. Palavras-chave: Aborto. Anencefalia. Morte encefálica. Vida. Anormalidades congênitas. Desenvolvimento embrionário.Resumen Anencefalia: conocimiento y opinión de los ginecólogos, obstetras y pediatras en Goiânia Con el objetivo de analizar el grado de conocimiento y opinión de los médicos sobre la anencefalia, fué hecho estudio transversal con 70 médicos ginecólogos/obstetras y pediatras de los hospitales de Goiânia, Brasil. Los entrevistados respondieron un cuestionario de 20 preguntas de verdadero o falso, y se evaluaron sus opiniones a través de un cuestionario con cinco preguntas que contenían 31 opciones de respuestas en escala tipo Likert. La mayoría (70%) participó...

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AimThe objective of this study was to evaluate penile anthropometry in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and controls. MethodsTwenty-five consecutive SLE patients were assessed by urological examination, sexual function, testicular ultrasound, hormones, sperm analysis, genetic analysis, clinical features and treatment. The control group included 25 healthy age-matched healthy men. ResultsSLE patients had a lower median penis length and circumference [8(7.5-10) vs. 10(8-13) cm, p=0.0001; 8(7-10) vs. 10(7-11) cm, p=0.001; respectively], lower median testicular volume by right and left vs. 20(12-25) ml, p=0.003; 15(10-25) vs. 20(12-25) ml, p=0.006; respectively], higher median of FSH [5.8(2.1-25) vs. 3.3(1.9-9) IU/l, p=0.002] and lower morning total testosterone levels (28% vs. 0%, p=0.009) compared to controls. In spite of that, erectile dysfunction was not observed in patients or controls. Analyses of lupus patients revealed that the median penis circumference was lower in patients with disease onset before first ejaculation compared to those that began after first ejaculation [7.8(7-10) vs. 9.0(7.5-10) cm, p=0.026]. No differences were observed in the median penile anthropometry regarding sexual dysfunction (p=0.610), lower total testosterone levels (p=0.662), oligo/azoospermia (p=0.705), SLEDAI ≥ 4 (p=0.562), SLICC/ACR Damage Index ≥ 1 (p=0.478), prednisone cumulative dose (p=0.789) and intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy (p=0.754). Klinefelter's syndrome (46XY/47XXY) was diagnosed in one (4%) SLE patient with decreased penile size whereas Y-chromosomal microdelections was absent in all of them. ConclusionWe have identified reduced penile dimensions in SLE patients with no deleterious effect in erectile function. Disease onset before first ejaculation seems to affect penis development in pre-pubertal lupus.