RESUMO Este artigo discute três grupos de plurais do português brasileiro ( doravante PB): palavras terminadas em -ão ("avião"/"aviões"), em -l ("anel"/"anéis"), e em ditongo em -u ("chapéu"/"chapéus"). Como foco teórico, adotamos o Modelo de Redes (BYBEE, 1995;2010 (BYBEE, 1995;2010 ABSTRACT This paper discusses three Brazilian Portuguese (hereafter BP) plural groups: words ending in -ão ("avião"/"aviões" -"airplane(s)"), in -l ("anel"/"anéis" -"ring(s)"), and in -u diphthong ("chapéu"/"chapéus" -"hat(s)"). As for the theoretical background, we adopt the Network Model
This article investigates the reduction and contraction of the preposition para 'to, for' in Brazilian Portuguese (para ~ pra). Although this is a widespread reduction, it does not affect each instance of para. Corpora analysis shows that the reduction is more frequent in certain expressions, such as para ela 'to/for her' (81%), para minha 'to my' (77%), para frente 'forward' (75%), para casa 'to home' (74%). This paper offers evidence that this reduction can be explained due to the frequency of co-occurrence. The concepts of string frequency (cf. Krug 1998) and relative frequency (Torres Cacoullos 2006) are tested. The analysis suggests that speakers have multiple clouds of exemplars for the same word (or string of words) and that detailed information is stored along with individual words. It is also argued that whole words or frequently used expressions can be the units of lexical storage, and this is why frequency effects can build up and affect word production and language change.
Resumo: Este artigo discute efeitos de frequência em alguns casos de variações fonológicas e morfológicas do português brasileiro. O Modelo de Redes (Bybee 1985(Bybee , 2001(Bybee , 2010 (Bybee 1985(Bybee , 2001(Bybee , 2010 INTRODUÇÃONeste artigo, vamos discutir o papel da frequência em processos de variação e mudança linguística recorrentes na língua falada. O quadro teórico adotado é o Modelo de Redes (Bybee 1985(Bybee , 2001(Bybee , 2010. Segundo Bybee (2010), a repetição de estruturas linguísticas (sejam elas palavras ou expressões inteiras) tem efeitos cognitivos em nosso "dicionário mental". Em linhas gerais, palavras que usamos muito são lembradas com mais facilidade, ao passo que palavras menos usadas são recuperadas com mais dificuldade no léxico mental e podem, inclusive, ser esquecidas.
This paper discusses a group of Brazilian Portuguese plurals that end with the nasal diphthong [-ão] in their singular form. When pluralized, these words can take three plural forms: [-ões], [-ãos], or [-ães]. Each of these words has an etymological source that defines which morpheme should be applied to the plural form. However, in some cases, a different plural form is used instead of the etymological one. A set of psycholinguistic experiments was carried out with Brazilian Portuguese speakers. The goal was to analyze whether token or type frequency affects the choice of plural form for these words. The results show an interaction between type and token frequency, in the sense that type frequency serves as the basis for analogy, and token frequency can determine which words will be affected by the variation.The basic rule to pluralize nouns and adjectives in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) is adding a morpheme [-s] to the end of the word, as in apartamento 'apartment', apartamentos 'apartments', janela 'window', janelas 'windows'. This plural pattern is the most regular and productive in BP. According to the Dicionário Eletrônico Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa, roughly 85% of all Portuguese words that can be pluralized (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and articles) adopt the [-s] morpheme.Brazilian Portuguese has a small group of words (approximately 7,400) that end with the nasal diphthong [-ão] in the singular form, such as irmão 'brother', leão 'lion', pão 'bread'. Despite the same singular morphemes, when pluralized, each of these words has a different plural form: irmão 'brother', irmãos 'brothers', leão 'lion', leões 'lions', pão 'bread', pães 'loaves of bread'. These plural forms are determined by their different etymological source. As all three singular forms are the same and the plural is determined by etymological origin, the choice for the standard plural is not always an easy task. Because all singular words from this group have the same last two segments, there is a "competition" between three plural morphemes for each singular form. For this reason, speakers sometimes are not sure which plural form should be used in a particular word. Brazilian Portuguese corpora, such as Corpus do Português (which contains more than 2 245
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