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VIM-type carbapenemases were originally detected in Europe (2, 4, 7) and have been essentially found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as in Enterobacteriaceae (2,6,8). The bla VIM genes are often carried by mobile gene cassettes inserted into class 1 integrons (7,11). The Klebsiella genus is responsible for the most frequent human nosocomial infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts. Four Klebsiella oxytoca clinical isolates were recovered by blood culture from neonatal patients at a pediatric hospital. The clinical isolates showed resistance to amoxicillin and ticarcillin, which was restored by clavulanate, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, and intermediate susceptibility to imipenem (MIC, 4 g/ml) and broad-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam (MICs, 8 and 16 g/ml) and were susceptible to meropenem (MIC, 0.075 g/ml). A deformation of ellipses between the two gradient sections with Etest MBL (metallo-␤-lactamase) strips was indicative of MBL production (10).Plasmid DNA was prepared by the alkaline lysis method (9), and the same 50-kb plasmid was detected in all of the isolates. Conjugation experiments were attempted with rifampin-resistant strain Escherichia coli C600 in liquid and solid media. E. coli DH10B was used as the bacterial host in electroporation experiments. No resistance phenotype transfer was observed in conjugation or transformation experiments.M13 PCR fingerprinting, used as a typing method, was performed by using the core region of bacteriophage M13 as the primer (3). The four isolates have the same M13 profile.Since several ␤-lactamase genes are part of gene cassettes included in class 1 integrons, PCR was performed for class 1 integrons with 5Ј-CS and 3Ј-CS primers (5) on plasmid DNA from K. oxytoca 17FFUL purified by a QIAGEN Plasmid Midi Kit, yielding an amplicon with a size of 3,500 bp. Consecutive PCR amplifications with specific primers for MBL and aminoglycoside acetyltransferase genes were performed. Analysis of sequence data revealed the presence of four gene cassettes in the class 1 integron. The first cassette contained the bla VIM-2 gene, coding for an MBL. The second and the third cassettes contained genes coding for 6Ј-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (aacA4) and an aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase (aadA1), respectively. The last gene cassette contains a bla OXA-2 gene coding for an oxacillinase.As in P. aeruginosa COL-1 (7), the bla VIM-2 gene was found to be carried on a plasmid-borne integron. However, the VIM-2-encoding plasmids and the structure of the bla VIM-2 gene cassette were different in the two bacteria. Key signatures of class 1 integrons were identified, such as a 5Ј-CS attI1 recombination site, a core site (GTTATGC), and an inverse core site (GCATAAC). The 59-base element was 72 bp long as the 59-base element of the bla VIM-2 gene cassette in COL-1 but differed by three nucleotides, showing 95.8% homology.A chromosomal bla VIM-2 gene in a P. aeruginosa clinical isolate was already detected in Portugal (1), and the detection of a plasmid-borne bla ...

This paper presents the development of a new smart time-temperature indicator (TTI) of pasteurization whose operating principle is based on the complexation reaction between starch and iodine, and the subsequent action of an amylase on this complex causing its discoloration at a rate dependent on time and temperature of the medium. Laboratory simulations and tests in a manufacturing plant evaluated different enzyme concentrations in the TTI prototypes when exposed to pasteurization conditions. The results showed that the color response of the indicators was visually interpreted as adaptive to measurement using appropriate equipment, with satisfactory reliability in all conditions studied. The TTI containing 6.5% amylase was one whose best results were suited for use in validating the cooking of hams. When attached to the primary packaging of the product, this TTI indicated the pasteurization process inexpensively, easily, accurately, and nondestructively.

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This study evaluated the applicability of a photochromic time temperature indicator (TTI) to monitor the time-temperature history and shelf life of chilled boneless chicken breast. The results showed that the smart indicator showed good reproducibility during the discoloring process in all the conditions investigated. The response was not only visibly interpretable but also well adaptable to measurement using appropriate equipment. For an activation configuration of 4 s of ultraviolet light (UV) per label, the TTI's rate of discoloration was similar to the quality loss of the meat samples analyzed. Thus, the photochromic label (4 s UV/label) attached to the samples set out to be a dynamic shelf-life label, assuring consumers the final point of quality of chilled boneless chicken breast in an easy and precise form, providing a reliable tool to monitor the supply chain of this product.

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