Streams in mediterranean-type climate regions are shaped by predictable seasonal events of flooding and drying over an annual cycle, but also present a strong interannual flow variation.The Guadiana River is one of the most important rivers in the Iberian Peninsula. The fish fauna presents 11 native freshwater species, including eight with high conservation status. Several exotic species are present, the most important being the American centrarchids pumpkinseed fish and largemouth bass. As a typical mediterranean-type river, the Guadiana has an irregular hydrological regime with severe drought periods and floods; the interannual variation of discharge presents a ratio of c. 100 to 1.From 1980 to 1995 several dry years were observed, culminating in the drought of 1991/92-1994/95. Analysing the variation of the fish assemblage structure during this period, exotic species (mostly pumpkinseed) progressively increased, strongly dominating in 1995. Indigenous populations dramatically decreased and a previously common endemic cyprinid (Anaecypris hispanica Steindachner) became endangered and one of the most threatened fishes of Europe. However, the following years presented above-average flows with several flood events and an inverse process occurred, with native species increasing their contribution in a short period.The importance of floods as a disturbance factor in the control of lentic or slow flowing water exotics is discussed. Native species apparently possess adaptive responses to high flows which exotics lack. This hypothesis is consistent with probabilityof-use curves and preflood-postflood surveys. Results emphasize the importance of floods in the environmental flows of mediterranean-type rivers. In the absence of flooding disturbance, exotic fish populations predictably grow, increasing the pressure on native species; abiotic disturbance may supersede deterministic outcomes of predation or competition and influence community structure by reducing populations of the exotic species.

OBJETIVOS: verificar as condições de acesso das mulheres às atividades de atenção e aos métodos contraceptivos no Brasil. MÉTODOS: inquérito exploratório por questionário auto-aplicado em amostra de municípios, probabilística, aleatória e estratificada por região geográfica e por dimensão populacional. RESULTADOS: os resultados, obtidos por aplicação de fatores de expansão da amostra, abrangem 5507 municípios. Destaca-se a elevada priorização do planejamento familiar associado à região geográfica e ao tamanho do município. A estimativa de cobertura atendida está associada à modalidade de gestão.O diafragma não é oferecido por 79,5% de 5.358 municípios e apenas 6,6% deles atendem à demanda por diafragma superior a 75%, contrastando com os injetáveis, para os quais 13,4% de 5314 municípios conseguem atender a mais que 75% da demanda. A atenção à infertilidade não é realizada em 72,9% dos municípios brasileiros (n=5349) e, em apenas 5,9% deles, são atendidas demandas superiores a 75%. CONCLUSÕES: os resultados encontrados denunciam a dissociação entre as práticas educativas e a rotina de atenção ao planejamento familiar; restrições qualitativas e quantitativas de acesso aos métodos contraceptivos e ainda a baixa oferta de atenção à infertilidade. Ficam evidentes as condições de comprometimento do exercício da autonomia das mulheres quanto a livre escolha dos métodos contraceptivos.

Participação social na conquista das políticas de saúde para mulheres no BrasilSocial participation in the achievement of health policies to women in Brazil

Key-words:Pacifastacus leniusculus, Procambarus clarkii, dispersal rate, crayfish coexistence NE Portugal is one of the most isolated and low populated regions of Western Europe. Recently, two American crayfish species reached this area: signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus coming from Spain and red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in its northward expansion. The dispersion of both species was followed throughout the last decade in river Maçãs (Douro catchment). Our results support the hypothesis of faster downstream colonisation. The mean spread rate of signal crayfish was faster for the downstream expansion, 2.8 km·yr −1 , while the upstream rate was 1.7 km·yr −1 . Exceptionally, in one period, the rate of spread reached 6.7 km·yr −1 , which was apparently caused by downstream washing in extreme conditions of flow. The mean rate of spread is higher than the observed in other studies which may also be related to the low current velocity of late spring and summer that provides favourable conditions for a fast upstream colonisation. Coexistence of signal and red swamp crayfish was detected in a large river sector. Signal crayfish strongly dominates in the upper and intermediate sectors which are the colder part of the river and in the lower sectors, species abundances are not significantly different. Winter temperature in the higher altitude reaches seems to moderate the competitive abilities of P. clarkii. plus rapide en aval, soit 2,8 km par an, comparé à 1,7 km par an en amont. Exceptionnellement, sur une période, le niveau de colonisation a atteint 6,7 km par an car les écrevisses on été apparemment emportées en aval à cause des conditions extrêmes d'écoulement. La propagation moyenne est plus élevée que ce qui est observé dans d'autres études, ce qui peut être mis en relation avec la faible vitesse du courant en fin de printemps et en été, favorisant une colonisation rapide en amont. La coexistence de l'écrevisse signal et de l'écrevisse rouge a été observée dans une grande partie de la rivière. L'écrevisse signal domine dans la partie haute et plus froide de la rivière, alors que dans le secteur le plus bas il n'y a pas de différence significative entre les deux espèces. La température hivernale, observée en plus haute altitude, semble modérer les capacités de compétition de P. clarkii. RÉSUMÉ

Austropotamobius pallipes has suffered a considerable reduction in range and abundance over the last two decades. The main hypotheses to explain this situation are : environmental degradation, critical climatic conditions, and the crayfish plague, though the presence of Aphanomyces astaci as the aetiological agent is to be confirmed. White-clawed crayfish populations are now confined to a few small areas in the north-eastern part of the country and risk total extinction. Population characteristics are presented. Sex ratio is balanced and maximum size is small, very few individuals being larger than 75 mm. Four age-classes were identified through modal analysis. Females become sexually mature during the second year. Several conservation actions are proposed. Key-words :A. pallipes, distribution, conservation, population structure, Portugal. DISTRIBUTION, STRUCTURE DES POPULATIONS ET CONSERVATION

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As práticas e mecanismos de participação social no campo da saúde constituem referências para a democracia participativa no Brasil. O presente ensaio parte da análise dos Comitês de Promoção de Eqüidade adotados pelo Ministério da Saúde. A eqüidade na saúde, entendida como o provimento de serviços para necessidades específicas de grupos ou pessoas, requer sujeitos e coletividades com poder e autonomia para enunciar seus desejos e necessidades. Os Comitês permitem aos distintos grupos sociais vocalizarem suas demandas e necessidades, provocando respostas articuladas do Governo, valorizando a integração de diversos órgãos governamentais para dentro e para fora do setor da saúde, com transversalidade e intersetorialidade. A institucionalização desta lógica na formulação e na gestão das políticas em saúde permite enfrentar a complexidade dos processos relacionados à saúde e à doença, às desigualdades e às iniqüidades. Ressalta-se a necessidade de mobilizar e re-politizar o debate sobre o direito à saúde, na perspectiva de ampliação da participação e do poder de intervenção dos grupos sociais em situação de exclusão.

Mediterranean temporary streams show high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Native fish species are adapted to this natural variability, but the cumulative effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbances may compromise the stability and persistence of fish assemblages. This study aimed to determine if environmental drivers affect the response of fish assemblages to anthropogenic pressures in temporary streams and identify what type of fish assemblages are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance. Data were collected from 22 sites located in southern Portuguese temporary streams between 1996 and 2012. The temporal pattern of fish assemblages in each site was used to examine fish assemblage stability, that is, the relative constancy of species abundance over time, quantified using the Bray–Curtis similarity coefficient. Native fish assemblage stability was positively associated with altitude, annual rainfall, percentage of riffles and habitat diversity and highly negatively related to anthropogenic pressure, particularly land use intensification, riparian degradation, sediment load and organic contamination/nutrient enrichment. Results highlighted an interaction between natural environmental and anthropogenic pressure gradients; anthropogenic disturbance tends to be lower in high‐elevation headwater streams and increases in lowland streams, particularly in downstream reaches. In upstream reaches, especially in lowland streams, fish assemblage stability showed a steep decline with the increase in anthropogenic pressure. Lowland downstream reaches displayed a less steep decline of fish assemblage stability in response to degradation, despite having greater anthropogenic disturbance. The results highlight the particular vulnerability of headwater streams in lowland sectors to anthropogenic disturbance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.