RESUMO -O conhecimento da composição química dos alimentos é fundamental para se avaliarem a disponibilidade de nutrientes e o seu consumo por populações. Neste trabalho, o pequi (Caryocar brasiliense, Camb.) foi caracterizado pela composição centesimal e pela presença de compostos bioativos na polpa e na amêndoa. Os dados do perfil lipídico mostram alto teor de lípides tanto na polpa quanto na amêndoa, destacando-se nos mesmos a presença dos ácidos graxos insaturados, predominando o ácido oléico como principal componente entre os ácidos graxos. Foi observada também a relação entre os elevados teores de ácidos graxos insaturados com os compostos fenólicos e carotenóides presentes, tendo a polpa quantidades mais expressivas dessas substâncias quando comparada à amêndoa, além de conter uma quantidade superior de fibra alimentar. Os resultados obtidos abrem a perspectiva de se utilizar o pequi como fruto que apresenta, na sua composição, compostos importantes para a formulação de uma dieta saudável. Termos para indexação: pequi, perfil de ácidos graxos, fibras, compostos bioativos. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN THE PULP AND ALMOND OF PEQUI FRUITABSTRACT -The knowledge of the chemical composition of foods is basic for evaluate the nutrients availability and its consumption for the population. In this work, the pulp and the almond of pequi fruit (Caryocar brasiliense, Camb.) were characterized by the centesimal composition and the presence of nutrients. The results showed high amount of lipids and in the fatty acids profile, the oleic fatty acid was the main component. The presence between high unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant compounds (phenolic acids and carotenoids) was correlated with the fruit protection. In the pulp was observed too high amount of alimentary fiber. These results are suggesting the pequi utilization in a healthful diet preparation.

BackgroundPhenolic compounds combine antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic activities and, consequently, are expected to prevent or minimize cardiometabolic risk.MethodsTo evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract (AQ) and non-esterified phenolic fraction (NEPF) from rosemary on oxidative stress in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, 48 male 4-week old Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: 1 chow diet group (C) and 5 hypercholesterolemic diet groups, with 1 receiving water (HC), 2 receiving AQ at concentrations of 7 and 140 mg/kg body weight (AQ70 and AQ140, respectively), and 2 receiving NEPF at concentrations of 7 and 14 mg/kg body weight (NEPF7 and NEPF14, respectively) by gavage for 4 weeks.ResultsIn vitro, both AQ and NEPF had remarkable antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) assay, which was similar to BHT. In vivo, the group that received AQ at 70 mg/kg body weight had lower serum total cholesterol (−39.8%), non-HDL-c (−44.4%) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels (−37.7%) compared with the HC group. NEPF (7 and 14 mg/kg) reduced the tissue TBARS levels and increased the activity of tissular antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase). Neither AQ nor NEPF was able to ameliorate the alterations in the hypercholesterolemic diet-induced fatty acid composition in the liver.ConclusionsThese data suggest that phenolic compounds from rosemary ameliorate the antioxidant defense in different tissues and attenuate oxidative stress in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats, whereas the serum lipid profile was improved only in rats that received the aqueous extract.

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant capacity of cashew apple pulp and raw concentrated extract. The antioxidant potential of aqueous (EAq) and alcoholic (EAlc) extracts and of free phenolic acids (FPA) and esterified (soluble -SPA and insoluble -IPA) fractions of the by-products of the cashew apple clone CCP-76 were evaluated in a β-carotene-linoleate system by the free radical [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•)] scavenging assay and the Rancimat test. In addition, the total phenolic content and phenolic acid profile were determined using Folin-Ciocateau reagent and gas chromatography, respectively. The EAq and the FPA fraction of the by-products showed the highest phenolic content. The phenolic acid fractions generally displayed stronger antioxidant activity than the extracts tested with the β-carotene-linoleate and DPPH systems. However, in the Rancimat test, the extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than the fractions and BHT. Nine phenolic acids (gallic, ferulic, caffeic, protocatechuic, quinic, cinnamic, gentisic, p-coumaric and salicylic acids), which give the fractions their antioxidant potential, were identified and quantified (both free and esterified forms). These results characterized the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the pulp and raw concentrated extract of the cashew apple clone CCP-76.

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is found in many foods, including coffee, berries, potatoes, carrots, wine, apples, and various herbs, and has anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antitumoral actions. The CGA is well absorbed orally, and its effects on gastric ulcer have not been previously reported. The present manuscript evaluated the effect of oral administration of CGA on ethanol/HCl (Et/HCl) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric ulcer model in male Swiss mice. Animals were pretreated with 0.2 % carboxymethylcellulose (vehicle, p.o.), omeprazole (positive control, 30 mg/kg, p.o.), carbenoxolone (antioxidant positive control, 100 mg/kg, p.o.), or CGA (5, 25, or 50 mg/kg, p.o.). One hour later, the gastric ulcer was induced by injecting Et/HCl solution (100 μL/10 g body weight; Et 60 % + HCl 0.03 M) or piroxicam (100 mg/kg, p.o). After another hour or 4 h later, gastric tissues were collected from Et/HCl or piroxicam-treated animals, respectively, to evaluate the size of the lesion, histological alterations, secretion of gastric acid, neutrophil migration, oxidative/antioxidative enzymes, markers of lipid peroxidation, or concentrations of inflammatory mediators. CGA treatment had a gastroprotective effect in both models, reducing the percentage of lesioned area. CGA treatment did not alter the secretion of gastric action but inhibited neutrophil migration and restored the levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in mice treated with Et/HCl. Additionally, CGA treatment blocked the increase of tumor necrosis factor alpha and leukotriene B4 but did not restore the reduced prostaglandin levels in the NSAID-induced ulcer. Together, the data presented herein show that CGA may be a suitable natural compound for the prevention and treatment of gastric lesions caused by a different etiology.

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