Recent research on the assessment of transit-oriented development (TOD) has focused on individual transit nodes. However, we argue that having such a TOD level value is not sufficient to understand the role each transit node plays within a TOD network. In other words, a transit node may have a low performance when evaluating its individual TOD level, but it may serve an important role within the TOD network, for example, as a feeder node. In this paper, a TOD typology was developed based on built-form indicators to identify the roles different types of nodes play within the transit network and to discuss complementarity effects between TOD nodes within the TOD network. The study area is the Arnhem-Nijmegen city region in the Netherlands, which has a TOD network of 22 train stations. Results identified three types of roles: suburban residential, characterized by low population and job densities; urban residential, marked by low destination accessibility and low diversity of land-uses; and urban mixed core, which featured higher densities of jobs, population, and diversity of land uses. Based on the TOD typology, a correspondence analysis was conducted to measure the potential complementarity effect of the TOD network system, i.e., the extent to which nodes in different typologies can complement each other to strengthen the characteristics of the TOD as a network. The results illustrated that differentiation among the TOD nodes in terms of residential housing prices and building uses contributed to a more diversified offer in terms of activities and functions of the TOD region and indicates complementarity between stations. Thus, TOD should be assessed and planned in a network system perspective, with the understanding that the nodes are pieces that contribute to the performance of the network.
Access to Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) and its potentials for cities are often uneven across geographies and demographics, a condition that has been referred to as the digital divide. Given the invisibility of digital access, certain geo-demographic groups could face the risk of digital exclusion. However, where not aspatial, most studies explore the digital divide at macro-spatial levels (national and regional levels), which makes them less relevant for knowledge generation and policies at intra-urban scales, the actual hubs of innovations. This paper explores the state of ICT access in Kigali City, at an intra-urban level. It analyses official census data on ICT Access Indicators across dimensions and space, 35 administrative areas called sectors. The paper establishes the relative digital access performance of the sectors based on the measurement of their ICT Location Quotients. In Kigali City spatial distribution of ICT access is significantly clustered, with areas of concentration at the core and sparsity on the northeastern periphery of the city. This espouses spatialitydigitality relations. Using data reduction, we establish that existing urban inequality in infrastructure, urban agglomerative strength, planning status and household socio-economic status are replicated as correlates of the digital divide in Kigali City. We recommend that the baseline spatial-statistical analysis be applied for spatially-targeted ICT policy interventions and that the dimension of ICT be incorporated in policy making targeting urban inequality.
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