Purpose The literature provides contradictory findings on planning contradictory findings on planning as a success factor in projects which entail high innovation. Nevertheless, new product development (NPD) research has mainly adopted the causation lens, in which planning plays an important role. By embracing the logic of effectuation, the purpose of this paper is to secure a wider perspective concerning how the various NPD options develop, taking into account the role played by uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach By adopting an inductive approach, the authors attempt to advance existing knowledge on the topic. The qualitative methodology (documentary analysis, content analysis and alternate templates) is adopted for the analysis of four NPD projects in the food industry in Spain. Findings Results reflect the relevance of the two perspectives considered when explaining the NPD process, with the presence of hybrid behaviour in all the projects and effectuation emerging as the dominant logic in the project linked to a greater degree of innovation and uncertainty. Research limitations/implications Projects involving varying degrees of innovation would seem to require different NPD approaches. This paper provides an initial approach to the subject, and it analyses a small number of firms. It is necessary to better understand to what extent the two logics are present in different types of projects. Practical implications By incorporating the logic of effectuation, firms might consider using NPD as a means of engaging in projects that entail a higher degree of innovation, since it offers ways of dealing with the uncertainty linked to such projects. Originality/value The paper contributes to the still early efforts to apply the perspective of effectuation to the area of NPD, by linking the logics of effectuation and causation to the various NPD processes taking account of their varying degrees of innovation and uncertainty (exploitation, exploration and leverage options).

No abstract

STAR c.466-1A skips exon 5 and causes a dramatic change in the C-terminal sequence of the protein, which is essential for StAR-cholesterol interaction. This splicing mutation is a loss-of-function mutation explaining the severe phenotype of our patient. Thus far, all reported splicing mutations of STAR cause a severe impairment of protein function and phenotype.

The hydrcifluoroborate salts of 2-acyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinaldonitriles (Reissert compounds) undergo reactions with alkenes to give substituted 2-(l-isoquinolyl)pyrroles and with alkynes to give substituted pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines. T o expand the scope and synthetic usefulness of these reactions, a wide variety of Reissert salts, alkenes, and alkynes, respectively, have been utilized. The reactions are general in nature. They take place successfully when the acyl group of the Reissert compound is varied from a simple aliphatic one (N-acetyl, for example) to a sterically hindered aromatic one [N-(1 -naphthoyl)]. The olefin reactions take place with monosubstituted ethylenes (styrene) and with 1,2-disubstituted ethylenes (trans-stilbene). Also, the reactions occur when either electronwithdrawing (as in diethyl maleate) or electron-donating [as in 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propene] substituents are bonded to the ethylene moiety. With regard to the alkyne reactions, wide variations in either the Reissert salt or the alkynes are also consonant with successful reactions.Evidence has been presented t h a t solutions of the hydrofluoroborate salts of 2-acyl-l,2-dihydroisoquinaldonitriles (Reissert compounds*) consist of equilibrium mixtures of 1, 3, and 4, the latter being the major ~o m p o n e n t .~.~ These salts 1 f l 2 3 4are also presumed to be in equilibrium with the original Reissert compound, the 1,3-dipolar compound 2 ( a mesoionic compound), and fluoroboric acid. Several studies of 1,3-dipolar addition reactions of hydrofluoroborate salts of Reissert compounds have been Numerous examples of complex, acid-catalyzed condensation-rearrangement reactions of Reissert compounds with olefins have also been re-I t is believed t h a t these condensation-rearrangement reactions involve an initial Diels-Alder type of cycloaddition of the olefin to the isomeric form 4 of the Reissert salt, and detailed mechanisms of reaction have been suggested.'lJ* In order to expand the scope and synthetic usefulness of these reactions, we have now carried out reactions of a variety of Reissert hydrofluoroborate salts with a variety of olefinic and acetylenic compounds. T h e results of the reactions with olefinic compounds are summarized in Table I, and those with acetylenic compounds in Table 11. I t is clear that both types of reactions are general in nature. T h e reactions take place successfully when the acyl group of the Reissert compound is varied from a simple aliphatic one (N-acetyl, for example) t o a sterically hindered aromatic one [N-(1-naphthoyl)]. The olefin reactions take place with both monosubstituted ethylenes (styrene) and with 1,2-disubstituted ethylenes (stilbene). Also, the reactions occur when either electron-withdrawing (as in diethyl maleate) or electron-donating [as in 1-(3,4-dirnethoxyphenyl)propene] substituents are bonded to the ethylene moiety. I t is also clear from the data presented in Table I1 and in previous publication^^-^ that wide variation in the acetylenes is consonant with successful reactions.0...

Purpose Variables affecting the innovation performance (IP) in regional innovation systems (RIS) have been widely studied in developed countries, while little information exists for the case of developing countries. Based on the innovation economics theory, this study aims to examine determinants of IP of organizations within the RIS of Medellin/Antioquia, Colombia (South America). Design/methodology/approach By using nonparametric statistical analyses, this study tests six research hypotheses through a randomly applied questionnaire, responded by 1,005 organizations belonging to the RIS of Medellin/Antioquia. Findings Results indicate that the economic sector, firm size, level of interaction with different parties and level of interaction with academic partners have a significant impact on IP in the RIS. Nevertheless, the number of employees in research and development and the adoption of new technologies have no significant effect. Practical implications Based on the results, this study identifies innovation determinants that managers and policymakers should consider when formulating strategies to improve organizations’ IP. The result of this paper may provide valuable insights for the study of RIS’ determinants and support further research in similar contexts. Originality/value This paper contributes to the limited body of knowledge regarding the variables that impact the IP of organizations in a RIS from a developing country. This paper also examines possible explanations for those hypotheses that were not supported, showing differences between developing and developed countries.