Summary: This work intends to promote the use of natural fibers by comparing the behavior of isophthalic polyester matrix composites reinforced with unidirectional curaua fibers with that of unidirectional glass fiber composites. The composites were produced varying the reinforcement angle (08, 158, 308, 458, 608, 758 and 908) with the aim of studying the fiber orientation effect on composite strength. Composites were also made varying the fiber volume fraction (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). The efficiency of an alkaline (5% NaOH) surface treatment of the curaua fiber was also evaluated. The unidirectional composites were characterized using tensile, flexural and short beam tests as per ASTM standards. The properties of a lamina reinforced with either glass or curaua fibers were also studied using theoretical micromechanical approach available in commercial software. The curaua fiber alkaline treatment produced higher tensile strength results compared with untreated fibers. The increase in reinforcement angle significantly decreased strength and modulus of the composites, as expected, and the glass fiber composites showed a more pronounced dependence with fiber orientation. Although the glass fiber laminas showed the best mechanical performance, the results obtained with the curaua fibers were considered similar for angles greater than 458.
The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) equations establish the relationship between the intensity and the duration of an extreme precipitation associated to the probability of its occurrence. Some studies have fitted multiple IDF equations per rain gauge, valid for certain rain duration ranges. An example is the IDF equation for the 8 th District of Meteorology of Porto Alegre rain gauge, established and published by the CPRM in the Pluviometric Atlas Project. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the implication of using this type of IDF equation, referred to as a "discontinuous IDF equation", in the generation of runoff hydrographs, using the mentioned IDF as case study. The methodology consisted in comparing the peak flow and the runoff volume of hydrographs generated by the discontinuous IDF equation with the hydrographs obtained by using a single IDF equation. The runoff hydrographs were generated for hypothetical basins with the following characteristics: contribution areas of 5, 20 and 80 km 2 ; CN of 70, 80 and 90; and time of concentration of 20, 40, 60, 100 and 200 minutes. A 24-hour rainfall event was considered with return period of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. As results, it was observed that, in the case studied, the multiple IDF equation present a better fit to the observed rainfall data than the single IDF equation. However, the discontinuity at the transition point between the equations, depending on its magnitude, may present some influence on the peak flow and on the runoff volume due to occurrence of secondary peaks on the runoff hydrographs. Therefore, it is recommended that a maximum limit of discontinuity must be observed between the multiple equations in order to avoid the occurrence of secondary peaks in the runoff hydrographs.Keywords: IDF; Hyetograph; Runoff hydrograph. RESUMOAs equações ou curvas intensidade, duração e frequência (IDF) estabelecem a relação entre a intensidade e a duração de uma precipitação extrema associada à sua probabilidade de ocorrência. A maioria dos ajustes destas curvas é realizado por meio de apenas uma equação; no entanto alguns autores estabelecem curvas IDF múltiplas, com duas ou mais equações distintas, válidas para determinadas faixas de duração de chuva. É o caso, por exemplo da IDF do 8º Distrito de Meteorologia de Porto Alegre, estabelecida pela CPRM no âmbito do Projeto Atlas Pluviométrico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a implicação da utilização desta IDF, chamada, neste trabalho, equação IDF descontínua, na geração de hidrogramas de escoamento superficial, utilizando-se como estudo de caso a IDF mencionada. A metodologia consistiu em comparar a vazão de pico e o volume dos hidrogramas de escoamento gerados a partir da IDF descontínua com hidrogramas obtidos a partir de uma IDF de equação única. Os hidrogramas foram gerados para bacias hipotéticas com áreas de 5, 20 e 80 km 2 , para cada qual variou-se o parâmetro CN em 70, 80 e 90 e o tempo de concentração em 20, 40, 60, 100 e 200 minutos. Considerou-se um...
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