The identification of human T-cell antigens of Mycobacterium leprae could improve treatment and help to disrupt the transmission of leprosy by directing diagnosis and vaccine programs. This study screened a panel of M. leprae recombinant proteins for T-cell recall responses, measured by gamma interferon (IFN-␥) production, among leprosy patients. After initial studies using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leprosy patients, we transitioned our studies to simple whole-blood assays (WBA), which are more applicable in field or clinical settings. T-cell responses generated in WBA using blood from individuals in Goiânia, Brazil, demonstrated that several M. leprae antigens (ML0276, ML0840, ML1623, ML2044, and 46f) elicited >0.5 IU/ml IFN-␥, and these proteins were classified as immunogenic and leprosy specific. Several of these individual antigens were recognized by cells from >60% of Brazilian paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients, and ML0276, ML0840, ML1623, and 46f complemented each other such that 82% of PB patients had strong (>1.25 IU/ml IFN-␥) responses to at least one of these proteins. These proteins were also recognized by cells from a significant proportion of the household contacts of multibacillary leprosy patients, but in contrast, few responses were observed in active tuberculosis patients or healthy control groups from areas of endemicity. Our results indicate several potential candidate antigens which may be useful for either leprosy diagnosis or vaccination and demonstrate the utility of leprosy WBA that can be applied broadly in clinical or field settings.Leprosy is a chronic disease with a wide range of clinical outcomes. Leprosy patients are predominantly diagnosed by the appearance of disease signs, but they can also be characterized by the physical and histological attributes of skin or nerve lesions or by their immune response to crude Mycobacterium leprae antigens (25). Individuals infected with M. leprae exhibit wide-ranging immunity. One end of this immunologic spectrum comprises paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients, who have strong cellular immunity in the form of a Th1-type response characterized by antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-␥) secretion. This response controls bacterial growth and limits dissemination, typically resulting in a few small and localized lesions. At the other end of the spectrum, multibacillary (MB) patients have poor cellular immunity but potent humoral immunity. Responses of MB patients do not control bacterial growth, and infection becomes systemic, typically resulting in disseminated lesions and significant nerve function impairment. Identifying antigens that are the target of the cellular immune response could direct the development of a defined leprosy vaccine.Despite vigorous efforts, conditions that permit the in vitro culture of M. leprae bacilli have not yet been identified. This has impaired the ability to produce antigens for research purposes, and until recently, studies of antigen-specific immune responses during the course of the disease hav...

In leprosy, type 1 reaction (T1R) and type 2 reaction (T2R) are major causes of nerve injury and permanent disabilities. A previous study on plasma levels of 27 cytokines in patients with T1R or T2R and controls with nonreactional leprosy identified the gene for interleukin 6 (IL-6) as a candidate for genetic analysis. Two nested case-control studies were built from a cohort of 409 patients with leprosy from central Brazil, monitored for T1R and T2R. There was evidence for association between T2R and IL-6 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs2069832 (P = .002), rs2069840 (P = .03), and rs2069845 (P = .04), with information on the entire IL-6 locus, as well as functional IL-6 variant rs1800795 (P = .005). Moreover, IL-6 plasma levels in patients with T2R correlated with IL-6 genotypes (P = .04). No association was found between IL-6 variants and T1R. Identifying genetic predictive factors for leprosy reactions may have a major impact on preventive strategies.

cDespite the dramatic reduction in the number of leprosy cases worldwide in the 1990s, transmission of the causative agent, Mycobacterium leprae, is still occurring, and new cases continue to appear. New strategies are required in the pursuit of leprosy elimination. The cross-application of vaccines in development for tuberculosis may lead to tools applicable to elimination of leprosy. In this report, we demonstrate that the chimeric fusion proteins ID83 and ID93, developed as antigens for tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates, elicited gamma interferon (IFN-␥) responses from both TB and paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients and from healthy household contacts of multibacillary (MB) patients (HHC) but not from nonexposed healthy controls. Immunization of mice with either protein formulated with a Toll-like receptor 4 ligand (TLR4L)-containing adjuvant (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in a stable emulsion [GLA-SE]) stimulated antigen-specific IFN-␥ secretion from pluripotent Th1 cells. When immunized mice were experimentally infected with M. leprae, both cellular infiltration into the local lymph node and bacterial growth at the site were reduced relative to those of unimmunized mice. Thus, the use of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis candidate vaccines ID83/GLA-SE and ID93/GLA-SE may confer cross-protection against M. leprae infection. Our data suggest these vaccines could potentially be used as an additional control measure for leprosy. Prevalence rates for leprosy have sharply declined over the last 20 years, with the major breakthrough being attributed to the provision of free-of-charge treatment to all diagnosed leprosy patients. The stalled decreases in both global prevalence and new case detection rates of leprosy over the last decade indicate that additional measures are likely required. The relative success of leprosy control, however, has prompted the integration of leprosy-specific programs into general health facilities and has also reduced the resources available to research (most notably specialized investigators and funds) (1, 2). During the same period, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared tuberculosis (TB) a global public health emergency. Indeed, over 2 billion people are now believed to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and multi-and extremely drug-resistant strains are rapidly emerging (3, 4). Numerous groups are actively engaged in developing replacement or supplementary vaccines as an alternative or additional control strategy for the TB epidemic (5). Defined antigens, delivered as plasmid DNA, vectored DNA, or as recombinant proteins in adjuvant, have proven effective in animal models, and at least nine subunit TB vaccines have entered clinical trials (6-11).The Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines represent an important component within TB control programs, since they provide at least partial protection against tuberculosis (12-14) and leprosy (15). In several countries, both TB and leprosy are endemic, and the contribution of mass BCG vaccination is ...