No abstract

The production of pharmaceuticals has increased rapidly during the last several decades as they have been used for the health of both humans and animals. Routes of environmental exposure include the release of treated wastewater, the land disposal of livestock manures and municipal biosolids (i.e. sewage sludge), as well as the use of medicated aquaculture feed. This study deals with application of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes for removing of antibiotic residues (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone and febantel) and their mixture. According to the results obtained in this work the use of RO (LFC-1 and XLE) and the tight NF (NF90) membranes are recommended to achieve a high level of retention (>95%) of all selected veterinary antibiotics (VAs). Nanofiltration NF270, NF and HL membranes showed a lower rejection of individual components, but much higher in a mixture solution, due to the synergistic effect.

By deliberate choice of the Croatian constitution-makers, the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia protects all economic, social and cultural rights guaranteed by constitutions of developed European democracies and by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to which Croatia is a party. This creates a dual (constitutional and international) obligation for the Croatian legislature to establish a socially just order. Although the constitutional text places both of the human rights generations within the same title, the constitutional jurisprudence adopted a position, whereby socioeconomic rights are excluded from the sphere of organic laws used to elaborate the constitutionally guaranteed fundamental rights and freedoms. This development notwithstanding, the potential of their protection before the Constitutional Court has not been reduced, as the Court has developed an impressive list of doctrinal positions on the nature of social rights, committing to the concept of social state as a foundational element of European constitutionalism. Still, we would be remiss if we did not emphasize the Constitutional Court's passive stance towards the political branches of the government regarding the social rights and must therefore plead for a more active approach in that regard.

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Rad analizira odluke Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske u vezi referenduma narodne inicijative, donošene u vremenskom periodu od 2013. do 2015. Od odluke o referendumu „o braku“, preko referenduma „o ćirilici“, sve do posljednjih predmeta o „outsourcingu“ i monetizaciji autocesta, ocrtava trend ograničavanja narodnog referendumskog puta. Posebno se koncentrirajući na odluku o „outsourcingu“ od 8. travnja 2015., ističe problematičnost ustavnosudske prakse te predlaže njenu promjenu. Glede kogentnosti objašnjavanja referendumskog zahtjeva prikazom okolnosti koje su do njega dovele, smatra da se radi o pitanju koji pripada zakonodavčevoj diskreciji. Glede „preuranjenosti“ inicijativa, smatra da Sud ne smije vezati njihovu sudbinu za opstojnost programskih mjera Vlade neuobličenih u konkretne zakonske prijedloge. Također ne može preuzeti proročansku ulogu ocjene posljedica referenduma po sustav javnih financija. U odvagivanju prava na referendum i proračunske stabilnosti, mora se pridržavati predvidivih posljedica i mjerljivih podataka, te pravo na referendum ustegnuti samo kod odluka koje uplivom u fiskalnu stabilnost krše jamstva čl.3. i 16. Ustava. Konačno, zaključuje o nedopustivosti strožeg ocjenjivanja ustavnosti referendumske inicijative nego li identičnog zakonskog teksta usvojenog u Hrvatskom saboru. Smatra da je taj stav neodrživ temeljem gramatičke i teleološke interpretacije Ustava, i da u konačnici djeluje punitivno.