We identified heterozygous NPR2 mutations in 6% of patients initially classified as ISS. Affected patients have mild and variable degrees of short stature without a distinct phenotype. Heterozygous mutations in NPR2 could be an important cause of nonsyndromic familial short stature.
The knowledge of the vagus nerve's location within the carotid sheath is essencial in many surgical contexts, such as thyroidectomy. Intraoperative neuromonitoring may prevent iatrogenic nerve injury. There are only few studies about vagus nerve and its topography in the carotid sheath. This study aims to analyze the variation of the vagus nerve topography and its relation with the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein, at the infrahyoid region.We dissected 10 carotid sheaths from 5 cadavers and the position of the vagus nerve and its relationship with the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein were determined. Based on the carotid sheath cross‐section, the location of the vagus nerve was classified in four quadrants: between the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein, but anterior to the carotid artery's cross section (A), between the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein, but posterior to the carotid artery's cross‐section (B), posterior and medial to the carotid artery's cross section (C) and posterior and lateral to the internal jugular vein's cross‐section (D).We found 6 vagus nerve in position (A), 1 in position (B), 0 in position (C) and 3 in position (D).The knowledge of variations and their prevalence regarding the position of the vagus nerve as described in this preliminary study may contribute to avoid iatrogenic lesions in cervical surgeries.
Introduction:Clinical and imaging evaluations of thyroid gland disorders suggest that its topography seems to be more thoracic, especially in older patients. Objective: To demonstrate this topography variation. Materials and Methods: We performed an anatomical study in 45 cadavers of both genders within 24 hours post-mortem to establish the influence of anthropometric data in this topography variation. Results: The thyroid gland is always positioned above the jugular notch, and we observed no stray node gland. Conclusion: The thyroid gland was always present in cervical position, without stray node glands. There is no influence on anthropometric features.
The clinical evaluation and the surgical approach of the thyroid gland are standardized. However there are rare cases about ectopic thyroid tissue reported, related to abnormalities during the embryogenesis of the thyroid gland. Its prevalence is about 1 per 100 000 ‐ 300 000 people, rising to 1 per 4000 ‐ 8000 in patients with thyroid disease. In autopsy studies, the prevalence ranges from 7 to 10%. This study aims to analyze the position of the thyroid gland in 9 cadavers. The thyroid gland’s topography was classified in: on the neck, under the neck. We found 8 thyroid gland positioned on the neck and 1 under the neck, at the level of the clavicle. The knowledge of the thyroid gland’s topography and their prevalence as described in this preliminary study may contribute to avoid iatrogenic lesions in cervical surgeries.
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