Solanum betaceum is a crop of great economic importance in Ecuador. Unfortunately, it is susceptible to diverse pathologies caused by bacteria, fungi, insects and nematodes. Several pesticides are currently used to prevent the plagues but their intensive and/or incorrect use can affect the development of the plants as well as the local environment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the morphological changes on both the internal and external structure of the of Solanum betaceum pollen grains caused by three types of pesticides: chemical, biological and ecological. By using Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy, we have studied over 140 pollen grains exposed to these different pesticides. The results demonstrate that the pesticides influence the morphology and structure of the pollen grains, thus probably affecting the plant reproductive process.
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), is a saprophagous species used to decompose organic matter. This study proposes a distribution model of H. illucens to illustrate its current and future distribution. The methodology includes data collection from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), complemented with iNaturalist, manual expert curation of occurrence records, six species distribution models algorithms and one ensemble model. The average temperature of the driest annual quarter and the precipitation of the coldest annual quarter were the key variables influencing the potential distribution of H. illucens. The distribution range is estimated to decrease progressively and their suitable habitats could change dramatically in the future due to global warming. On the other hand, current optimal habitats would become uninhabitable for the species, mainly at low latitudes. Under this scenario, the species is projected to move to higher latitudes and elevations in the future. The results of this study provide data on the distribution of H. illucens, facilitating its location, management and sustainable use in current and future scenarios.
Hermetia illucens, la mosca soldado negra-BSF, es una de las especies más estudiadas por poseer un gran potencial de convertir desechos orgánicos en alimentos para animales, piensos y fertilizantes. Esta larva de invertebrados transforma hasta el 50% de la biomasa orgánica, reintroducida en las cadenas tróficas como alternativa natural de reciclaje de nutrientes y gestión de residuos. A pesar de los numerosos informes mundiales, Ecuador no ha documentado ninguna información científica sobre la captura y multiplicación de BSF. Esta investigación busca determinar la mejor opción de captura de H.illucens en climas tropicales rurales de Ecuador y los mejores desechos locales para alimentar larvas y convertir desechos. Los resultados determinaron que la trampa más adecuada para capturar el insecto fue TE-005 (trampa tipo red), que captura organismos adultos, seguida de la trampa TD-004 (trampa tipo bandeja), donde las moscas colocan sus huevos para posterior eclosión y selección de larvas de BSF. El diseño experimental empleado se basó en un tratamiento de control de banano y cinco tipos de sustratos diferentes: verduras, frutales, carne, estiércol de cerdo y desechos domésticos mixtos. Los resultados mostraron un porcentaje de bioconversión del 77,66% para la prueba de control, seguido de un 55% para el sustrato de residuos domésticos. Nuestro trabajo implementó varios estudios a nivel mundial, indicando que el tratamiento de residuos BSF es una alternativa viable para ser implementada en Puerto Quito- Ecuador.
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