In the south of the Caldén district (Phytogeographical province of Espinal, Argentina) the availability of flowering along with the botanical origin and protein content of pollen harvested by honey bees, was studied. During two apiculture periods (from end August to early January) pollen loads were collected every fortnight using pollen traps. A total of 637.96 g of pollen loads was analysed. From 139 species recorded, only 29 were visited by honey bees. In terms of biomass the contribution of exotic plants was high at the end of the winter (Brassicaceae and Erodium cicutarium); during this period of pollen shortage, honey bees collected spores of Puccinia interveniens. During the spring, the native plants (Condalia microphylla, Chuquiraga erinacea, Discaria americana, Grindelia tehuelches, Larrea divaricata, Prosopis sp., Prosopidastrum globosum and Vicia pampicola) were utilised. Those pollen types of high protein level were collected most intensively.

Supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs not only suppresses bone resorption but also promotes new bone formation in the periapical area of rats with AP in conjunction with downregulation of inflammatory cell infiltration into the lesion.

We performed palynological analysis of 75 honey samples from the south of Calde  n district, which is the part of the phytogeographical province del Espinal. Prosopis caldenia,``calde n'' (Fabaceae) is the dominant arboreal species in this region. 79 pollen types that belong to 36 plant families were identi ed. Honeydew elements are absent or present in negligible amounts. Native ora is intensely utilized. Main nectar sources that characterize mono oral honey samples, are these natives Condalia microphylla (Rhamnaceae), Prosopis sp. and Vicia sp. (Fabaceae), Larrea divaricata (Zygophyllaceae) and Brassicaceae, which are foreign to the area. The pollen from these plants along with the pollen of Trichocline sp. (Asteraceae) and Prosopidastru m globosu m (Fabaceae), Schinus fasciculatus (Anacardiaceae), Astereae and Lycium sp.(Solanaceae), characterize honey from Calde  n.

Objectives To evaluate the effects of orthodontic force on histomorphology and tissue factor expression in the dental pulp. Materials and Methods Two reviewers comprehensively and systematically searched the literature in the following databases: Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences, Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Grey literature (Google Scholar, OpenGrey, and ProQuest) up to September 2020. According to the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Studies criteria, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies that evaluated the effects of orthodontic force on dental pulp were included. Case series/reports, laboratory-based or animal studies, reviews, and studies that did not investigate the association between orthodontic force and pulpal changes were excluded. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane risk-of-bias tool were used to assess the risk of bias. The overall certainty level was evaluated with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation tool. Results 26 observational studies and five RCTs were included. A detailed qualitative analysis of articles showed a wide range of samples and applied methodologies concerning impact of orthodontic force on the dental pulp. The application of orthodontic force seems to promote several pulpal histomorphological changes, including tissue architecture, cell pattern, angiogenesis, hard tissue deposition, inflammation, and alteration of the expression levels of 14 tissue factors. Conclusions Although the included articles suggest that orthodontic forces may promote histomorphological changes in the dental pulp, due to the very low-level of evidence obtained, there could be no well-supported conclusion that these effects are actually due to orthodontic movement. Further studies with larger samples and improved methods are needed to support more robust conclusions.

The aim of this study was to compare potential aspects of periapical lesion formation in hypertensive and normotensive conditions using hypertensive (BPH/2J) and wild-type control (BPN/3J) mice. The mandibular first molars of both strains had their dental pulp exposed. At day 21 the mice were euthanized and right mandibular molars were used to evaluate the size and phenotype of apical periodontitis by microCT. Proteins were extracted from periapical lesion on the left side and the expressions of IL1α, IL1β and TNFα were analyzed by ELISA. Bone marrow stem cells were isolated from adult mice femurs from 2 strains and osteoclast differentiation was evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in vitro. The amount of differentiated osteoclastic cells was nearly double in hypertensive mice when compared to the normotensive strain (p < 0.03). Periapical lesion size did not differ between hypertensive and normotensive strains (p > 0.7). IL1α, IL1β and TNFα cytokines expressions were similar for both systemic conditions (p > 0.05). Despite the fact that no differences could be observed in periapical lesion size and cytokines expressions on the systemic conditions tested, hypertension showed an elevated number of osteoclast differentiation.

Background:Extrusion of infected debris into the periapical tissue has been cited as the major cause of postoperative pain, regardless of instrumentation technique.Aim:Comprehensively review two different kinematics of instrumentation (reciprocating and rotary) and association to the postoperative pain after endodontic treatment.Methods:Two investigators performed a systematic review with meta-analysis. MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus supplied relevant data from studies published until February 2018 to answer the PICO question. Primary outcome was overall postoperative pain, and the secondary outcomes were nature of the pain (mild, moderate, and severe) at 12, 24, and 48 h.Results:Ten randomized clinical trials fulfilled eligibility criteria, and five of them were submitted in the meta-analysis. Primary outcome indicated that reciprocating system results in less postoperative pain compared to rotary system (P < 0.05). As a secondary outcome, there was no statistical difference for mild, moderate, and severe pain after 12 and 24 h using reciprocating or rotary systems (P > 0.05). However, the reciprocation system showed less severe pain after 48 h (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Rotary motion had a negative impact on postoperative pain after endodontic treatment. Furthermore, after 48 h, more patients presented severe pain under rotary motion. More randomized clinical studies would be helpful.

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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) have been reported to exert important roles in the inflammatory response (Vardar et al., 2004). The major ω-3 PUFAs are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both being able of competitively inhibiting the production of arachidonic acid metabolites via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, thus reducing the pro-inflammatory arachidonic mediators (Calder, 2006). DHA has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by interference with interleukin-1 signaling pathways leading to cyclooxygenase-2 induction in endothelial cells (Massaro et al., 2006). In addition, EPA lowers the level of arachidonic acid available for metabolism and competes against arachidonic acid for metabolism to form metabolites of leukotrienes and prostaglandins, decreasing the inflammatory response (Mukaro et al., 2008).As a consequence of possessing anti-inflammatory properties, ω-3 PUFAs has been accepted as an adjunct therapy in the treatment