Recebido em 16/9/10; aceito em 6/5/11; publicado na web em 17/6/11 VEHICULAR EMISSIONS INVENTORY FROM METROPOLITAN REGION OF CAMPINAS (MRC), SP, BRAZIL. The degradation of air quality in great urban centers is noted by frequent critical episodes of air pollution and public health issues, and vehicles are a great source of pollutant emissions, mainly derived from combustion processes. A database is needed to direct mitigation of emissions. The main objective of this work is to present it as an emissions inventory. The results show that vehicular sources of CO, HC and NO x represent over 75% of total emissions in the MRC. Besides, the proposed methodology presented results consistent with the literature.Keywords: emissions inventory; vehicular sources; atmospheric pollutants.
INTRODUÇÃONas últimas décadas tem se dado grande destaque à degradação da qualidade do ar em grandes centros urbanos. As principais fontes de emissões em regiões urbanas podem ser fixas (indústrias, queimadas, etc.) ou móveis (veículos automotores, aviões, etc.)
The removal of 2-[[(4-methoxyphenyl)methylhydrazono]methyl]-1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium methyl sulfate (Basic Yellow 28), 2-[N-ethyl-4-[(6-methoxy-3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)diazenyl]anilino]ethanol methyl sulfate (Basic Blue 41), and N-benzyl-4-[(1,4-dimethyl-1,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium-5-yl)diazenyl]-N-methylaniline bromide (Basic Red 46) cationic textile dyes from model wastewater by liquid−liquid extraction with reverse micelles was performed with isopentanol as a solvent and sodium dodecylsulfate as an anionic surfactant. The dye concentration in both aqueous and organic phase was determined by visible spectrophotometry analysis. The influence of dye and surfactant initial concentrations on the solute partition coefficient and percentage of removal were studied. The partition coefficient and percentage of removal increase with the decrease in initial dye concentration and with the increase in surfactant concentration.
Calcium titanate zirconate, Ca(TiZr)O (CZT), powders have been synthesised by the polymeric precursor method. The structural analysis of the CZT powders was monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and textural analysis. The photocatalytic properties were evaluated by methylene blue (MB) decomposition and real textile wastewater (RTW) combined treatment (coagulation/flocculation/photocatalysis). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of RTW was successfully reduced from 6195 mg L (untreated) to 662 mg L after coagulation/flocculation with a tannin-based coagulant (Tanfloc®) and finally to 471 mg L after combined treatment (coagulation/flocculation/photocatalysis) applying ultraviolet radiation and CaTiO as photocatalyst.
Perovskite-type CaTiO3 material was synthesized by the polymeric precursor method and characterized. The powder was applied as a promising alternative to TiO2 photocatalyst. Photocatalytic reaction parameters were optimized by surface analysis methodology on the degradation of methylene blue under UV radiation. After optimization, complex textile- and tannery wastewaters were treated and the COD reduction was evaluated. At optimized conditions (pH=11.2 and 1 g L-1 of catalyst concentration), the results obtained for the photodegradation of the real wastewater after 240 min of irradiation were 45% COD reduction for both effluents. The reactions were adjusted to the pseudo first order kinetic and the rate constants were 2.07 x 10-3 (min-1) and 2.23 x 10- 3 (min-1) for COD reduction for textile- and tannery wastewaters, respectively.
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