No abstract

ipolar disorder (BD) is a mood disorder that has an early onset at a median age of 20 years. It is a long-term and recurrent disorder characterized by cyclic episodes of depression and either mania (BD type 1) or hypomania (BD type 2). Although the etiology of BD has not been established, it is a multifactorial disorder with genetic and environmental factors playing an important role. 1 Despite the pathophysiology of BD being uncertain, there is a putative role of the dopaminergic system, as levodopa has been shown to induce hypomania or mania in patients with BD, 2 and antipsychotic medications that block dopamine receptors can improve manic symptoms. 3 There is also evidence that the switch from a depressive to a manic state occurs concurrently with an upregulation of dopamine receptors. 4 The standard treatment for BD that includes lithium, antipsychotic medications, and antiepileptic medications may be associated with drug-induced parkinsonism, which is not clinically distinguishable from Parkinson disease (PD), both being characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. [5][6][7] Since drug-induced parkinsonism is more common among patients with BD, physicians may be more inclined to misdiagnose PD as drug-induced parkinsonism. On the other hand, PD is typically seen in older patients. Small studies have previously shown that BD may be more common in patients with PD compared with the general population. 6 Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to assess the possible association of BD with a later diagnosis of idiopathic PD. IMPORTANCE Parkinson disease (PD) manifests by motor and nonmotor symptoms, which may be preceded by mood disorders by more than a decade. Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by cyclic episodes of depression and mania. It is also suggested that dopamine might be relevant in the pathophysiology of BD.OBJECTIVE To assess the association of BD with a later diagnosis of idiopathic PD.DATA SOURCES An electronic literature search was performed of Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO from database inception to May 2019 using the terms Parkinson disease, bipolar disorder, and mania, with no constraints applied.STUDY SELECTION Studies that reported data on the likelihood of developing PD in BD vs non-BD populations were included. Two review authors independently conducted the study selection. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESISTwo review authors independently extracted study data. Data were pooled using a random-effects model, results were abstracted as odds ratios and 95% CIs, and heterogeneity was reported as I 2 . MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES Odds ratios of PD.RESULTS Seven studies were eligible for inclusion and included 4 374 211 participants overall. A previous diagnosis of BD increased the likelihood of a subsequent diagnosis of idiopathic PD (odds ratio, 3.35; 95% CI, 2.00-5.60; I 2 = 92%). A sensitivity analysis was performed by removing the studies that had a high risk of bias and also showed an increased risk of PD in pe...

No abstract

No abstract

Background Background: Exercise is gaining extreme relevancy as a new therapeutic intervention for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the frequent misuse of the concepts exercise, physiotherapy, and physical activity limits the possibility of summarizing research findings. This review aims to clarify these concepts and summarize the evidence on exercise in PD. Methods Methods: We critically appraised physical activity-related concepts and conducted a systematic review of clinical trials evaluating exercise interventions in PD. Additionally, we discussed the implications for PD clinical practice and research. ResultsResults: Exercise is a subset of physical activity, and a major component of physiotherapy for PD management, having as the main goal to improve physical fitness. The appraisal of the 83 identified clinical trials found high variability in exercise interventions. Multimodal exercise was the most studied, and 60 minutes, two times/week for 12 weeks, the most reported prescription parameters. Conclusion Conclusion: The best available evidence recommends increasing physical activity levels in PD. Exercise and physiotherapy programs seem the most efficacious strategies to achieve this goal. As a result of the heterogeneity in the type and manner exercise is prescribed, it is not possible to propose strong recommendations for exercise in PD. We believe that, in addition to the clarification of concepts here presented, a collaborative and rigorous work of different areas of knowledge is needed.

Background Background: Functional mobility (FM) is a person's ability to move to accomplish activities of daily living; it bridges the concepts of mobility and functional ability. There is frequently a loss of FM in Parkinson's disease (PD). Several instruments have been used to assess this concept in PD; however, there is no consensus on which are the most appropriate. Objective Objective: We aimed to identify and critically appraise which measurement instruments have been used to assess FM. Methods Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the databases CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and PEDro from their inception to January 2019 to identify all observational and experimental studies conducted in PD or atypical parkinsonism that included an FM assessment. Two reviewers independently screened citations, extracted data, and assessed clinimetric properties. Results Results: We included 95 studies that assessed FM in PD. Fifty-five (57.9%) studies mentioned FM in the article, and 39 (41.1%) specified the measurement tools used to evaluate FM. FM was the primary outcome in 12 (12.6%) studies. The Timed Up and Go test was the most frequently used measurement tool. Only one study presented a definition of FM. Several overlapping terms were used, the most common being mobility. Conclusion Conclusion: Several studies reported the use of FM measurement tools in PD, though with frequent misconceptions, an inadequate context of use, or suboptimal assessment. We propose the establishment of the concept of FM applied to PD, followed by the adequate clinimetric validation of existing measurement tools to provide a comprehensive and reliable evaluation of FM in PD.

Opicapone is a novel, third generation COMT inhibitor approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Safety and tolerability data is critical to determine the benefit-harm balance and anticipate therapeutic adherence. Areas covered: This review evaluates the tolerability and safety profile of opicapone. These data were extracted from all published clinical trials, including preclinical, phase I, phase II and phase III studies as well as postmarketing data. Opicapone was safe and well tolerated, with frequencies of treatment-emergent adverse events similar to placebo. Expert opinion: Opicapone have shown a good safety and tolerability profile. This adds to its proven efficacy and convenient once-daily administration, supporting a role of opicapone as a first-line therapy for motor complications in Parkinson's disease patients.

The proposed scale seems to be a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of pediatric and adult patients with pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. Additional validation studies with a larger sample size will be required to confirm the present results and to complete the scale validation testing. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.