Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation are present in coronary artery disease (CAD) and are linked to the activation of the transcription nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). To attenuate these complications, transcription factors like nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) can be activated to inhibit NF-κB. However, the available data on expression of NF-κB, Nrf2 and PPARβ/δ in CAD patients are limited.Objective: To evaluate the expression of the transcription factors NF-κB and Nrf2 and PPAR / in CAD patients.Methods: Thirty-five patients (17 men, mean age 62.4 ± 7.55 years) with CAD and twelve patients (5 men, mean age 63.50 ± 11.46 years) without CAD were enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and processed for mRNA expression of Nrf2, NF-κB, NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and PPARβ/δ mRNAs using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: There was no difference in the mRNA expressions of Nrf2 (1.35 ± 0.57), NF-κB (1.08 ± 0.50) or in the antioxidant enzyme NQO1 (1.05 ± 0.88) in the CAD group compared to the group without CAD (1.16 ± 0.76, 0.95 ± 0.33, 0.81 ± 0.55, respectively). However, PPARβ/δ was highest expressed in the CAD group (1.17 ± 0.86 vs. 0.56 ± 0.34, p = 0.008). Conclusion:The main finding of this study was the PPARβ/δ being more expressed in the PBMC of patients with CAD compared to the control group, whereas no differences were observed in Nrf2 or NF-κB mRNA expressions.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death globally and most CVD can be prevented by addressing their risk factors, such as an unhealthy diet. Many authors have studied the benefits of nut consumption on CVD. Nuts contain high amounts of vegetable protein, unsaturated fatty acids, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals and many other bioactive compounds, like phytosterols and phenolic compounds, which are able to reduce cholesterol levels and promote antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thereby reducing cardiovascular risks. This review aims to describe studies involving the consumption of nuts, including Brazil nuts and CVD risk factors with positive results in the improvement of lipid profile, glucose metabolism, vascular function, and inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.
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