Context. To calibrate automatic pipelines that determine atmospheric parameters of stars, one needs a sample of stars, or "benchmark stars", with well-defined parameters to be used as a reference. Aims. We provide detailed documentation of the iron abundance determination of the 34 FGK-type benchmark stars that are selected to be the pillars for calibration of the one billion Gaia stars. They cover a wide range of temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities. Methods. Up to seven different methods were used to analyze an observed spectral library of high resolutions and high signal-to-noise ratios. The metallicity was determined by assuming a value of effective temperature and surface gravity obtained from fundamental relations; that is, these parameters were known a priori and independently from the spectra. Results. We present a set of metallicity values obtained in a homogeneous way for our sample of benchmark stars. In addition to this value, we provide detailed documentation of the associated uncertainties. Finally, we report a value of the metallicity of the cool giant ψ Phe for the first time.

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This paper presents the most outstanding experiences regarding the use of fibres as the main reinforcement in precast segmental linings in the metropolitan area of Barcelona. It is known that the addition of\ud structural fibres improves, on the one hand, the mechanical behaviour of the structure during its construction, especially in cases such as the thrust of the jacks, and on the other hand it leads to a reduction of the global costs by reducing the conventional passive reinforcement. The aim of this paper consists in presenting three real experiences that are representative of the application of FRC in urban tunnels and a\ud design methodology to take into account the structural contribution of the fibres. Two particular cases of the application of this design method are presented. In the first case, the use of 25 kg/m3 of fibres has led\ud to a reduction of 70% of the conventional reinforcement initially proposed in the project. In the second one, which was planned to employ fibres but without considering its structural contribution, the parametric study reflected the possibility of reducing up to a 38% of the rebars adding 25 kg/m3 of steel fibres in the concrete mixture. In light of good results, construction companies in Spain have become aware of the advantages of using fibres in these structures and have carried out experimental stretches. This attitude\ud has also been influenced by the approval of the new Spanish Code, which includes the FRC as a construction material with design purposes.Postprint (author’s final draft

Steel fibers are ferromagnetic and they\ud have the property of altering the magnetic field around\ud them. This paper discusses a method and gives a\ud practical example to measure, non-destructively, the\ud amount and orientation of fibers from cubic concrete\ud specimens (150 mm). This is possible because the\ud fibers affect inductance of a sensor (an inductive coil)\ud that is wrapped around the specimen.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

17Fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) is a suitable alternative to the traditional reinforced concrete used in the manufacture 28configurations for segmental linings of TBM tunnels using the MIVES method (a multi-criteria decision making 29 approach for assessing sustainability). This MCDM method allows minimising subjectivity in decision making while

The recent publication of codes for the design of FRC is a major step towards extending the use of the material. An in depth analysis indicates several differences between the constitutive models proposed in the existing codes. In this study, these models are compared and a numerical simulation is performed to evaluate their differences in terms of the structural behavior predicted and measured in an experimental program of RC-FRC elements. The predictions provided by the models fit satisfactorily the experimental results for elements with steel fibers and with plastic fibers

a b s t r a c tThe design of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) structures is evolving towards a new approach that uses correction factors to consider differences between the small-scale characterisation specimens and the real-scale elements. Recently, the Model Code 2010 proposed an orientation factor (K) that accounts for the effects of the orientation in the structural response of elements. The present study focuses on the identification of this factor in SFRC slabs with different dimensions. For that, flexural tests on real-scale slabs were conducted and the fibre orientation was assessed with an inductive method. A finite element analysis showed the differences between the experimental curves and the prediction of the Model Code without considering K. Based on the results obtained, a range of values is proposed for K and validated. This study sheds light on possible modifications that this philosophy of design might require to better reproduce the behaviour of slabs.

The Barcelona Test has proved to be very suitable for the systematic control of the tensile properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC). Nevertheless, the need to measure the total circumferential opening displacement (TCOD) of the specimen entails the use of an expensive circumferential extensometer. In order to simplify the test, studies from the literature propose the use of the axial displacement of the press (d) instead of the TCOD, obtaining empirical equations to correlate the energy estimated with both measurements. However, these equations are only valid for d ranging from 1 to 4 mm and were adjusted based on the test results of just a few types of FRC. The verification of this formulation for other types of FRC shows an average error of 51.1%, thus limiting the simplification proposed for the test. In this paper, a new analytical model to convert the d into the TCOD is developed and validated for a wide range of FRC. Besides being applicable to the whole range of d, the new model provides a clear physical understanding of the main mechanism observed during the test and shows an average error of only 6.7%, making it possible to simplify the Barcelona test.