River areas are undoubtedly among the most valuable territorial areas in Europe, not only in terms of their eco-landscape and use but also, culturally. However, there is currently a sharp reduction in the extension and increase of deterioration of riverbanks around the world. A substantial part of losses and deterioration are associated with the artificialization of the territories, derived mainly from a less than respectful urbanization around these landscapes. Urban and peri-urban riverbanks are landscapes in expansion due to the continuous growth of built-up spaces. Therefore, they should be areas of preferential consideration, especially in territories with a marked tendency to dryness, like the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. This article aims to contribute to our understanding of these spaces through the study of four distinct cases in the centre of the peninsula, in particular: the river Manzanares running through the city of Madrid, the river Tagus in Toledo and running through Talavera de la Reina, and the river Henares in Guadalajara. Three of the four urban water courses analyzed are zones of special interest for waterfowl: they sustain a winter population that varies between 745 and 1529 birds and they provide a home to some globally threatened species. The density of the riparian birds is also very high during winter, these values oscillating between a mean of 141.16 and 240.12 birds/10 ha. It should be noted that the diversity of this group of birds in the four regions studies is also high (H > 2.4 nats). The article also examines the interventions and the urban planning criteria applied to these urban and peri-urban river spaces, inferring the need to reassess urban planning in river areas to ensure it is compatible with their operation, values and possible uses.
This paper proposes a method of landscape characterisation and assessment of public works associated with fluvial landscapes, which is validated in the middle section of the Tajo River. In this method, a set of criteria is identified that unifies various characteristics of the landscape associated to the infrastructures. A specific weight is then assigned to each criterion in such a way as to produce a semi-quantitative value ranging from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 10. Taken together, these criteria enable us to describe and assess the value of the public works selected for study, in this case helping us to evaluate the sections of the River Tajo analysed in our study area. Accordingly, the value of all the infrastructures associated to a stretch of the river covering several hundred kilometres was determined and after dividing this stretch into sections, they were compared under equivalent conditions to provide a hierarchal ranking.
La ubicación de la sala de máquinas fue un factor relevante en las primeras presas hidroeléctricas de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, que originó el ensayo de distintas soluciones, algunas de ellas con resultados estéticos e implicaciones hidráulicas y estructurales de gran interés. Tal es el caso de la presa de La Jándula, inaugurada en 1930, que incorporaba la central en el seno del cuerpo de presa. El artículo indaga los posibles antecedentes nacionales e internacionales de esta solución tan singular, corroborando la hipótesis de su carácter inédito. La colaboración del arquitecto Casto Fernández- Shaw en el diseño e integración de la sala de máquinas fue decisiva, ya que logró un resultado de una calidad estética y una expresividad formal sin precedentes en una obra de ingeniería hidráulica, así como el nacimiento de un estilo que el propio Shaw definiría como ingeniería arquitectura.
Resumen: Los espacios fl uviales son áreas de elevado interés natural y cultural. Desde hace décadas son objeto prioritario de investigaciones de diversa naturaleza y, más recientemente, de programas de gestión específi cos que asumen su importancia para el mantenimiento de la diversidad ecológica y paisajística. Como contribución al conocimiento de estos ámbitos de especial valor, en este trabajo se presenta una metodología para la caracterización de paisajes fl uviales. Se basa en la identifi cación de diferentes tipos de paisajes considerando 45 ítems agrupados en 7 grandes categorías. La unidad básica sobre la que se realiza la caracterización son tramos o sectores fl uviales, delimitados principalmente en función de criterios morfológicos, hidrológicos o, en algunos casos, relacionados con factores antrópicos. Resumo: Os espaços fl uviais são áreas de elevado interesse natural e cultural. Há décadas têm sido objeto prioritário em investigações diversas e, mais recentemente, de programas de gestão específi cos importantes para a manutenção da diversidade ecológica e paisagística. Como contribuição a compreensão dessas áreas de especial valor, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para a caracterização de paisagens fl uviais. Baseia-se na identifi cação dos diferentes tipos de paisagens, considerados a partir de 45 itens agrupados em sete grandes categorias. A unidade básica sobre a qual se realiza a caracterização são trechos de rio ou setores fl uviais, defi nidos principalmente em função de critérios morfológicos, hidrológicos ou, em alguns casos, relacionados a fatores antrópicos. Palavras-chave:Paisagens fl uviais. Setores fl uviais. Caracterização da paisagem fl uvial. Bacia hidrográfi ca do rio Tejo. Abstract:The riverine spaces comprehend areas of great natural and cultural interest. They have been prioritized for many decades by several researches and, more recently, by specifi c management programs that are important to the maintenance of the ecological and landscape diversity. As a contribution to the understanding of these high value areas, this paper presents a methodology for the characterization of riverine landscapes. It is based on the identifi cation of different types of landscapes, considering 45 items grouped into seven broad categories. The basic unit on which this characterization is
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