Objectives To estimate the short term effect of particulate air pollution (particle diameter <10 μm, or PM 10 ) on mortality and explore the heterogeneity of particulate air pollution effects in major cities in China.Design Generalised linear models with different lag structures using time series data.Setting 38 of the largest cities in 27 provinces of China (combined population >200 million). Main outcome measure Daily numbers of deaths from all causes, cardiorespiratory diseases, and non-cardiorespiratory diseases and among different demographic groups were used to estimate the associations between particulate air pollution and mortality.Results A 10 µg/m 3 change in concurrent day PM 10 concentrations was associated with a 0.44% (95% confidence interval 0.30% to 0.58%) increase in daily number of deaths. Previous day and two day lagged PM 10 levels decreased in magnitude by one third and two thirds but remained statistically significantly associated with increased mortality. The estimate for the effect of PM 10 on deaths from cardiorespiratory diseases was 0.62% (0.43% to 0.81%) per 10 µg/m 3 compared with 0.26% (0.09% to 0.42%) for other cause mortality. Exposure to PM 10 had a greater impact on females than on males. Adults aged 60 and over were more vulnerable to particulate air pollution at high levels than those aged less than 60. The PM 10 effect varied across different cities and marginally decreased in cities with higher PM 10 concentrations.
ConclusionParticulate air pollution has a greater impact on deaths from cardiorespiratory diseases than it does on other cause mortality. People aged 60 or more have a higher risk of death from particulate air pollution than people aged less than 60. The estimates of the effect varied across cities and covered a wide range of domain.
IntroductionAir pollution and its negative consequences are major public health concerns in China. [1][2][3] According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, a loss of 25 million healthy years and more than 1.2 million premature deaths in China were attributed to outdoor air pollution in 2010. 4 In 2012 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development estimated that by 2050 as many as 3.6 million people worldwide could die prematurely from air pollution each year. Most of the deaths were estimated to occur in China and India. Many time series studies conducted in Chinese cities have consistently found that temporarily higher air pollution levels were associated with increased mortality.6 7 A common limitation in these studies was that the data were often from one city or just a few cities. Most of the studies focused on heavily pollutedCorrespondence to: M Zhou maigengzhou@126.com Data supplements on bmj.com (see
BACKGROUND: The conventional treatment of molasses wastewater has many disadvantages including intensive energy requirements, excessive chemicals consumption and large quantities of waste generation. The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a promising technology for power generation along with wastewater treatment. However, low power output and high construction costs limit the scale-up and field implementation of MFCs. In this study, a novel anaerobic baffled stacking microbial fuel cell (ABSMFC) composed of four units was constructed and used to treat molasses wastewater.
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