Abstract-The objectives of this article is to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesia's cocoa beans export. Two analysis is conducted using revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). The result indicates that Indonesia has comparative advantage in producing cocoa beans although the other three producing countries has higher RCA index. Meanwhile, Indonesia and Ghana's cocoa beans are complementary and increase in cocoa beans world demand will benefit Indonesia the most.

No abstract

This research aims to evaluate the performance production and technical efficiency of oil palm production in Indonesia based on the management pattern (independent farmers and supported farmers). The secondary data were used from the Estate Cultivation Household Survey (ST2013 SKB) conducted by BPS-Statistics Indonesia. The empirical analysis involved using a meta-frontier approach, allowing one to decompose efficiency into grouplevel technical efficiency and technology gaps. The results indicate that the output of each management pattern behind their potential with the mean technical efficiency of 0,6789 and 0,7127 for independent farmers and supported farmers, respectively. The technology gap ratio statistics showed that the farmers had adopted the best available smallholder production technology in their farming. However, independent farmers were slightly more optimal than supported farmers. The efficiency measure generated from the meta-frontier revealed that supported farmers were more efficient, where the primary source of inefficiency came from managerial inefficiency. Thus, the policies to increase the production of oil palm smallholders must focus on the improvement of technical skills and managerial capabilities of farmers on the efficient use of resources and advanced technology by considering each characteristic of each management pattern.

The demand for Indonesian cloves in the Indian market fluctuated during 2010-2018, but in 2019-2020  the demand for Indonesian cloves increased due to India's high demand for clove commodities. This research is important considering that Indonesia is not the only country that fulfills India's demand for clove imports. This study aims to determine the competitive position of Indonesian cloves in the Indian market. The performance of Indonesian clove exports to the Indian market was analyzed using the Indian clove demand system by applying the Linearized Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS). The dependent variable was the share of the four exporting countries, and the independent variable was the price of cloves from Indonesia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and Comoros in the Indian market. The data used secondary time series data between 2010-2020. The analysis results showed that cloves from Indonesian, Madagascar, and Comoros are responsive to Indian expenditure changes. If there is a price change of Indonesian cloves, India will switch to Madagascar and Comoros cloves because the cloves of both countries have good quality. Increasing the exports volume of cloves with good quality, and reducing tariff will improve the Indonesian clove export performance in Indian market.

International trade and investment in the service sector is an increasingly important part in modern and global economy. Especially with the progress of information and telecommunication technologies which have expanded the scope of services that can be traded across national borders. This technology advancement strengthens the importance of the service sector in every country even further (APEC Secretariat, 2011). ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) is a framework of cooperation agreement in the ASEAN's service sector which aims to remove various kinds of barriers to the services' provision. One of which is transportation service. The transportion sector is one of those sectors that have tricle down impact on other sectors. The research results showed that the infrastructure factors which significantly affect the economic growth of ASEAN countries are the number of people who use the telephone network, the number of international seaports, the number of domestic airports, and shipping connectivity (LSCI). The efficient use of domestic vessels in international trade has not been achieved, in terms of the capacity of the vessels' tonnage, travel period as well as punctuality and crews. However, the efficiency of inter-island trades (domestic interest) had increased even more with the cabotage principle.