In visually scanning 9 simultaneously presented patterns, human Ss fixated significantly longer (a) on patterns they were looking for (i.e., on targets) than on patterns they were not looking for; and (b) on patterns that exactly matched a memorized standard pattern than on patterns that differed from this standard. These results suggest that (a) Ss may have a generalized tendency, within certain limits, to look longer at stimuli they are looking for than at stimuli they are not looking for; and (b) Ss make definite analytic comparisons of the details and differences between a memorized standard pattern and a given fixated pattern, as opposed to detecting a fixated pattern in a more immediate or holistic manner.
Eye movements of three Ss during visual scanning of 15° 2′ 6 × 6 numeric matrices were studied, using a modification of the Mackworth eye-marker apparatus, as a function of frequency of target numeral (0 to 7), digit scanned for, and learning (176 trials). The results indicated that time to scan varied significantly with both frequency and target digit, and these time differences were reflected by significant departures from the over-all average number of fixations (18), while average duration of fixations (.31 sec.) remained relatively constant. The average durations of fixations on target numbers (.32 sec.) and non-target numbers (.30 sec.) were not statistically significantly different. Average center-to-center distance between the closest fixation and a target number was 2° 28′ and this distance differed among digits, being 2° 42′ for the most quickly recognized and 1° 36′ for the most difficult to recognize. The results indicated the possible role of eye movements in information processing.
This study Investigated the effects of divided attention on monitoring multi-channel alpltamerlc displays for signals defined on the basis of the simltuaneous Values of all channels, i.e., multi-channel signals as opposed to single-channel signals. Variables Investigated Included (a) three methods of dividing attention (a short writing task, a long writting task, and blanking out the display), (b) number of channels monitored (4, 8, 12, and 16), (c) rate of display change (6 or 12 times per minute), (d) number of different signals simultaneously watched for (8 or 24), and (e) number of levels within channels (2 or 8). The main results were: (a) divided attention did not lead to a decrease in monitoring, compared to a control study without divided attention; (b) the rate of display change had the greatest effect upon performance, followed by the number of channels monitored; (c) even at the faster rate of display change, untrained subjects detected 80% or more of the signals when they monitored up to 12 channels: and (e) different methods used to divide attention affect performance differentially.
introductionThe work described below is a preliminary test of one aspect of a social theory against some relevant empirical material. The approach adopts a limited view of society as networks of connections among biological points. Channels of connection may involve work, goods, information, or "pure" social exchanges.Network analysis has been used increasingly in the past decade (for reviews, see Mitchell 1969;Bott 1971;Whitten and Wolfe 1973) partly because it entails fewer cultural assumptions than does analysis in terms of specific groups like clans or classes. It is not only descriptively convenient but is also amenable to interesting mathematical manipulation. In addition to these methodological advantages, elementary laws of connection for networks of biosocial points, which are potentially of broad theoretical relevance, may be posited. The theory should be applicable to populations of any size, although it will require much more complex development for large populations than for the very small networks we have studied. We postulate that any connection that occurs between points in a social system sets up a field of attraction which alters the probability of occurrence of other connections. From this, in combination with certain other assumptions, a wide range of theoretical sociocultural propositions may be derived. Some of these are apparently testable; others are, for the time being, purely speculative.The argument can briefly be summarized as follows:The social realm may be conceived of in terms of points and connections among them.If a connection exists between X and Y, it will tend to continue and to increase in magnitude. If a connection also exists between Y and Z, as well as X and Y, there will be a tendency for the set to become interconnected by the establishment of a connection between X and Z. For any given set of conditions (involving terrain, technology, etc.) there are limitations on the number of a given kind o f connection that an individual, or set of individuals is capable of maintaining. The basic contradiction between the tendency to expand connections, combined with the limitations on the capacities for such expansion, may be resolved in several different ways. In the broad sense of the word, One aspect of a theory utilizing the concept of social network is examined empirically for five small networks, with an emphasis on hypothesized changes over time. An attempt is made to relate the distribution of the connections in these networks to their durations in terms of a measure of distance.networks 297
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