SummarySorghum is the fifth most widely planted cereal crop in the world and is commonly cultivated in arid and semi‐arid regions such as Africa. Despite its importance as a food source, sorghum genetic improvement through transgenic approaches has been limited because of an inefficient transformation system. Here, we report a ternary vector (also known as cohabitating vector) system using a recently described pVIR accessory plasmid that facilitates efficient Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of sorghum. We report regeneration frequencies ranging from 6% to 29% in Tx430 using different selectable markers and single copy, backbone free ‘quality events’ ranging from 45% to 66% of the total events produced. Furthermore, we successfully applied this ternary system to develop transformation protocols for popular but recalcitrant African varieties including Macia, Malisor 84‐7 and Tegemeo. In addition, we report the use of this technology to develop the first stable CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene knockouts in Tx430.

Molecular characterization of events is an integral part of the advancement process during genetically modified (GM) crop product development. Assessment of these events is traditionally accomplished by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analyses. Southern blot analysis can be time-consuming and comparatively expensive and does not provide sequence-level detail. We have developed a sequence-based application, Southernby-Sequencing (SbS), utilizing sequence capture coupled with nextgeneration sequencing (NGS) technology to replace Southern blot analysis for event selection in a high-throughput molecular characterization environment. SbS is accomplished by hybridizing indexed and pooled whole-genome DNA libraries from GM plants to biotinylated probes designed to target the sequence of transformation plasmids used to generate events within the pool. This sequence capture process enriches the sequence data obtained for targeted regions of interest (transformation plasmid DNA). Taking advantage of the DNA adjacent to the targeted bases (referred to as nextto-target sequence) that accompanies the targeted transformation plasmid sequence, the data analysis detects plasmid-to-genome and plasmid-to-plasmid junctions introduced during insertion into the plant genome. Analysis of these junction sequences provides sequence-level information as to the following: the number of insertion loci including detection of unlinked, independently segregating, small DNA fragments; copy number; rearrangements, truncations, or deletions of the intended insertion DNA; and the presence of transformation plasmid backbone sequences. This molecular evidence from SbS analysis is used to characterize and select GM plants meeting optimal molecular characterization criteria. SbS technology has proven to be a robust event screening tool for use in a highthroughput molecular characterization environment.

For many important crops including sorghum, use of CRISPR/Cas technology is limited not only by the delivery of the gene-modification components into a plant cell, but also by the ability to regenerate a fertile plant from the engineered cell through tissue culture. Here, we report that Wuschel2 (Wus2)-enabled transformation increases not only the transformation efficiency, but also the CRISPR/Cas-targeted genome editing frequency in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we have demonstrated Wus2-induced direct somatic embryo formation and regeneration, bypassing genotype-dependent callus formation and significantly shortening the tissue culture cycle time. This method also increased the regeneration capacity that resulted in higher transformation efficiency across different sorghum varieties. Subsequently, advanced excision systems and “altruistic” transformation technology have been developed to generate high-quality morphogenic gene-free and/or selectable marker-free sorghum events. Finally, we demonstrate up to 6.8-fold increase in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene dropout frequency using Wus2-enabled transformation, compared to without Wus2, across various targeted loci in different sorghum genotypes.

Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of canola ( Brassica napus ) via hypocotyl segments has been a commonly used method for the past 30 years. While the hypocotyl-based method is well-established, it is not readily adapted to elite germplasm and the prolonged process is not ideal for a production transformation setting. We developed an Agrobacterium -mediated transformation method based on epicotyl and higher stem (internodal) segments that is efficient, rapid and amenable for high-throughput transformation and genome editing. The method has been successfully implemented in multiple canola genotypes. The method appears to be genotype-independent, with varying transformation efficiencies. Internodal segment transformation was used to generate transgenic events as well as CRISPR-Cas9-mediated frameshift gene knockouts.