With a view to understand the influence of culture on achievement motivation, the study aimed to test the hypothesized mediating role of individual-oriented and social-oriented achievement motives in linking value orientations (e.g. achievement, security, conformity, hedonism) to achievement goals (i.e. mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals) as predictors of English and mathematics achievements. These hypothesized relationships were tested in the one-path analytic model with a sample of Indonesian high-school students (n = 356; 46% girls, M age = 16.20 years). The findings showed that security and conformity values positively predicted social-oriented achievement motive; self-direction values positively predicted individual-oriented achievement motive; and hedonism values negatively predicted both achievement motive orientations. Both individual-oriented and social-oriented achievement motives positively predicted mastery-approach and performance-approach goals. Interestingly, social-oriented achievement motive also positively predicted mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals, which in turn, negatively predicted English and mathematic achievement. There was also some evidence for the direct effects of values on performance-approach goals and achievement. Taken together, the findings evinced the relevance of achievement goal constructs to Indonesian students and the psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the Achievement Goals Questionnaire for further use in Indonesia. The study concludes that the meanings of academic motivation and achievement should be seen from a sociocultural perspective relevant to the context in which they are being studied.
We have developed a straightforward method that uses paraffin-embedded bone for undemineralized thin sectioning, which is amenable to subsequent dynamic bone formation measurements. Bone has stiffer material properties than paraffin, and therefore has hereforto usually been embedded in plastic blocks, cured and sectioned with a tungsten carbide knife to obtain mineralized bone sections for dynamic bone formation measures. This process is expensive and requires special equipment, experienced personnel, and time for the plastic to penetrate the bone and cure. Our method utilizes a novel way to prepare mineralized bone that increases its compliance so that it can be embedded and easily section in paraffin blocks. The approach is simple, quick, and costs less than 10% of the price for plastic embedded bone sections. While not effective for static bone measures, this method allows dynamic bone analyses to be readily performed in laboratories worldwide which might not otherwise have access to traditional (plastic) equipment and expertise.
This article explores the ways that consumption practices and the expectations around consumption are changing in Havana, Cuba. Drawing on studies of citizenship, I argue that consumption is a right of citizenship and, as such, has transformative power-not necessarily positive-for society and its citizens. This is especially the case when there are economic and political distinctions made about who can and cannot consume what products. Ethnography provides insights into the varying forms of consumption that Cubans encounter, and the ways that these are fragmenting socialist ideals and values, perceptions of national unity, and, ultimately, definitions of belonging and citizenship.
An animal model was used to examine the use of noninvasive transmission ultrasound to measure changes in bone mass which occur following disuse. Unilateral achilles tenectomy was performed on the left leg of eight adult sheep. Following a 12-week period of nonweight bearing, presacrifice transmission ultrasound measurements were taken across the calcanei of the intact and the experimental limbs and compared with those values taken postoperatively. Following specimen harvest, cross-sectional areas of the bones were quantified by microradiography and stereology, and compared with the in vivo ultrasound measurements. There was an average of 8.6% less total bone area, and 18.0% less trabecular volume fraction in the experimental nonweight-bearing limbs as compared with control intact calcanei. The difference in bone mass was associated with a 9.0% decrease in the velocity of sound from the postoperative to the presacrifice ultrasound measurements taken from the experimental calcanei, and a 2.3% increase in the control calcanei. The velocity of sound was found by the Student's t test to be a highly reliable discriminator between the experimental and control limbs.
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