The selection pressures experienced by clonal plants in heterogeneous environments may be significantly affected by physiological integration among ramets via rhizome connections. We experimentally examined how connections affected the response to saline soil conditions in Ambrosia psilostachya clones from natural saline basins in eastern Nebraska. Paired stems connected by uniform lengths of rhizome were grown in partitioned pots in 3 watering regimes: (1) both stems watered with tapwater, (2) both stems watered with salt water (1% NaCl), and (3) one stem watered with salt water and one with tapwater. All plants survived and grew in salt water, yet dry weight gain of salt-salt plants was only 34% of that for plants in uniform tapwater. Salt plants connected to tapwater plants had 2-fold higher dry weight gain than salt-salt plants. Their tapwater neighbors had significantly smaller biomass than pairs with both stems growing in tapwater. Measurements of leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water potential, together with root-shoot allocation patterns, suggest that rhizomes transported both water and photosynthate from tapwater plants to their neighbors in saline soil. These results indicate that ramets in a locally inferior environment can be helped by their neighbors, but at some cost to the contributing ramet. We discuss the consequences of this phenomenon for the evolution of local adaptation in populations of rhizomatous plants.
Rhizomatous growth may permit the nonrandom placement of ramets into different environments, but whether clonal plants are able to use this means to exercise adaptive habitat choice is not known. Western ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya) plants are shown to preferentially colonize nonsaline soil over saline soil patches, and clones with the strongest preference for nonsaline soil are those least able to grow when restricted to saline conditions. In clonal plant species, nonrandom associations of genotypes with specific environments may thus reflect habitat selection by plants as well as selective mortality imposed by different habitat patches.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Ecological Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Ecology. Abstract. A brief but intense heat wave on 9 June 1979 caused catastrophic chick mortality in a population of Western Gulls on Santa Barbara Island, California, USA. Mortality ranged from 0 to 90%o in different areas of the colony. Mortality was not a function of the amount of vegetation cover available to chicks, nor did chick age or size affect the probability of mortality during the heat wave. In the absence of a heat wave, chick mortality due to heat stress is rare in this population.Microclimate analysis in 1980 showed that the area of high chick heat stress mortality in 1979 was characterized by higher ground and air temperatures and lower wind velocities than the area of low mortality. Taxidermic thin metal chick models had a higher integrated thermal load, or operative environmental temperature, in the area of previous high mortality.The persistent nesting by gulls in areas of high potential chick mortality cannot be explained by habitat shortage or by the competitive inferiority of those birds. Enhanced access to food resources may explain the persistence of one area, but not of several others. Analysis of long-term weather records for the southern Channel Islands region showed that heat waves during the breeding season are rare: of nine possible heat waves in 62 yr of data, five have occurred since 1973. The present nesting distribution of gulls on the island has probably not evolved in a regime of frequent heat waves, but rather in response to a long period of highly equable climatic conditions.
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