c Rapid identification of microorganisms causing bloodstream infections directly from a positive blood culture would decrease the time to directed antimicrobial therapy and greatly improve patient care. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) is a fast and reliable method for identifying microorganisms from positive culture. This study evaluates the performance of a novel filtration-based method for processing positive-blood-culture broth for immediate identification of microorganisms by MALDI-TOF with a Vitek MS research-use-only system (VMS). BacT/Alert non-charcoal-based blood culture bottles that were flagged positive by the BacT/Alert 3D system were included. An aliquot of positiveblood-culture broth was incubated with lysis buffer for 2 to 4 min at room temperature, the resulting lysate was filtered through a membrane, and harvested microorganisms were identified by VMS. Of the 259 bottles included in the study, VMS identified the organisms in 189 (73%) cultures to the species level and 51 (19.7%) gave no identification (ID), while 6 (2.3%) gave identifications that were considered incorrect. Among 131 monomicrobic isolates from positive-blood-culture bottles with one spot having a score of 99.9%, the IDs for 131 (100%) were correct to the species level. In 202 bottles where VMS was able to generate an ID, the IDs for 189 (93.6%) were correct to the species level, whereas the IDs provided for 7 isolates (3.5%) were incorrect. In conclusion, this method does not require centrifugation and produces a clean spectrum for VMS analysis in less than 15 min. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the new lysis-filtration method for identifying microorganisms directly from positive-blood-culture bottles in a clinical setting. R ecently, new mass spectrometry (MS) technology has been introduced as a way to quickly and accurately identify bacteria. Compared to standard phenotypic identification, this technology is rapid, requires reagents that are inexpensive (after initial purchase of the instrument), and could provide accurate results comparable to those provided by 16S rRNA sequencing (1). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS has been shown to accurately identify bacteria grown on solid medium to the species level (2-4) and has the potential to serve as a fast and reliable method for identifying microorganisms directly from blood.Rapid identification of organisms causing bloodstream infections after a blood culture turns positive has the potential to improve patient care, and protocols have been developed for use with MALDI-TOF instrumentation. Previously published studies have explored a variety of approaches to accomplish this task, generally using a series of washes, centrifugations, protein extraction, and analysis using dedicated databases (e.g., BioTyper and SARAMIS) (1,3,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).The Vitek MS research-use-only (RUO) system (VMS) with the SARAMIS database by bioMérieux (Durham, NC) is a research-us...

Background and Purpose-Transient ischemic attacks are a frequent diagnosis in the emergency department setting, yet expert opinion as to the proper follow-up and need for hospitalization differs widely. Recently, an effort has been made to risk-stratify patients presenting with transient ischemic attacks through scoring systems such as the ABCD and ABCD2 scales. The aim of our study was to independently validate these scores using a population-based cohort. Methods-Using the data from the Rochester Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Registry and resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, medical records of all residents of Rochester, Minn, with a diagnosis of incident transient ischemic attack from 1985 through 1994 were examined (Nϭ284). Patients were scored on the ABCD and ABCD2 scales and new scores were created by adding hyperglycemia and a history of hypertension. The end points of stroke and death were collected previously and were verified through the Rochester Epidemiology Project data. Results-Although our study did find that scores Ͼ4 had a statistically significant predictive value for future stroke, a substantial proportion of strokes within 7 days (9 of 36 cases [25%]) occurred in patients with low or intermediate risk scores (Յ4) on the ABCD2 scale. Including history of hypertension and hyperglycemia on presentation increased the sensitivity of the score to identify patients who had a stroke within 7 days. Conclusions-Reliance on the ABCD and ABCD2 scores misses some patients who will have a stroke within 7 days of a transient ischemic attack. Adding hyperglycemia and a history of hypertension to the predictive model could be useful, but the value of these additions need to be evaluated further.

It is unclear whether cancer and its treatments increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our aim was to examine whether cancer survivors have higher risks of poor outcomes in pregnancies conceived after diagnosis than women without cancer, and whether these risks differ by cancer type and race. Diagnoses from cancer registries were linked to pregnancy outcomes from birth certificates in three U.S. states. Analyses were limited to the first, live singleton birth conceived after diagnosis. Births to women without a previous cancer diagnosis in the registry were matched to cancer survivors on age at delivery, parity, race/ethnicity, and education. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate risk ratios. Cervical cancer survivors had higher risks of preterm birth (Risk ratio=2.8, 95% Confidence interval: 2.1, 3.7), as did survivors of invasive breast cancer (RR=1.3, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.7) and leukemia (RR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.3, 3.5). We observed a higher risk of small for gestational age (SGA) infants (<10% of weight for age based on a national distribution) in survivors of brain cancer (RR=1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.8) and extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (RR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.5, 3.6). We did not see an increased risk of infants born preterm, low birth weight, or SGA in pregnancies conceived after ductal carcinoma in situ, thyroid cancer, melanoma, or Hodgkin lymphoma. While our results are reassuring for survivors of many cancers, some will need closer monitoring during pregnancy.

Objective To determine if tamoxifen use is associated with decreased ovarian reserve and decreased likelihood of having a child following breast cancer diagnosis. Design Furthering Understanding of Cancer, Health, and Survivorship in Adult (FUCHSIA) Women Study–a population-based cohort study Setting Not applicable. Patients Three hundred ninety-seven female breast cancer survivors aged 22–45 years who were diagnosed between ages 20–35 years and were at least 2 years post-diagnosis; 108 survivors also participated in a clinic visit. Intervention(s) None Main Outcome Measure(s) Time to first child after cancer diagnosis, clinical measures of ovarian reserve (anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH] and antral follicle count [AFC]) after cancer Results Women who ever used tamoxifen were substantially less likely to have a child following breast cancer diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR]=0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16, 0.54) than women who had never used tamoxifen. After adjusting for age at diagnosis, exposure to an alkylating agent, and race, the HR was 0.25 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.47). However, after adjusting for potential confounders, women who had used tamoxifen had an estimated geometric mean AMH level 2.47 (95% CI: 1.08, 5.65) times higher than women who had never taken tamoxifen. AFC was also higher in the tamoxifen group compared to tamoxifen non-users when adjusted for the same variables (risk ratio=1.21, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.73). Conclusion Breast cancer survivors who used tamoxifen were less likely to have a child following cancer diagnosis compared to survivors who never used tamoxifen. However, tamoxifen users did not have decreased ovarian reserve compared to tamoxifen non-users.

REFERENCE 1. Birkenhager TK, van den Broek WW, Mulder PG, et al. Efficacy of imipramine in psychotic versus nonpsychotic depression.

This analysis was conducted to evaluate the evidence of the efficacy of iron biofortification interventions on iron status and functional outcomes. Iron deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide, with a disproportionate impact on women and young children, particularly those living in resource-limited settings. Biofortification, or the enhancing of micronutrient content in staple crops, is a promising and sustainable agriculture-based approach to improve nutritional status. Previous randomised efficacy trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated that iron-biofortification interventions improved iron biomarkers; however, no systematic reviews to date have examined the efficacy of biofortification interventions on health outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of the efficacy of iron-biofortified staple crops on iron status and functional outcomes: cognitive function (e.g. attention, memory) and physical performance. Five studies from three randomised efficacy trials (i.e. rice, pearl millet, beans) conducted in the Philippines, India and Rwanda were identified for inclusion in this review. Iron status (Hb, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, total body iron, α-1-acid glycoprotein) was measured at baseline and endline in each trial; two studies reported cognitive outcomes, and no studies reported other functional outcomes. Meta-analyses were conducted using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects methods. Iron-biofortified crop interventions significantly improved cognitive performance in attention and memory domains, compared with conventional crops. There were no significant effects on categorical outcomes such as iron deficiency or anaemia. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of iron-biofortified staple crops on human health, including additional functional outcomes and other high-risk populations.

In a 1989 paper, Marchbanks et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 1989;130(2):259-267) noted inconsistent definitions of infertility across research and clinical practice and examined differences in prevalence estimates across definitions. Since their study, there have been substantial changes in society, technology, and clinical practice related to female reproductive health. In response, we revisited the original paper using data from a recent study among reproductive-aged women. Internal comparisons across various definitions of infertility were made by assessing how many and which women were classified as infertile, their age at infertility, and the probability of spontaneous pregnancy after infertility. Results were also compared with Marchbanks et al. Black women were more likely to be classified as infertile than white women based on the definition "12 months of unprotected intercourse" (40.1% vs. 33.7%) but less likely by "12 months of attempting pregnancy" (14.3% vs. 21.8%) and "visiting a doctor for help getting pregnant" (8.4% vs. 19.7%). After unprotected intercourse for 12 months, 36.1% of women who were attempting pregnancy spontaneously conceived by 6 months compared with 13.5% of women who were not attempting pregnancy. While our results for most infertility definitions were similar to those of Marchbanks et al., prevalence estimates continued to differ across demographic groups by definition.

Each year in the United States, an estimated 525 000 infections, 2900 hospitalizations, and 82 deaths are attributed to consumption of pork. We analyzed the epidemiology of outbreaks attributed to pork in the United States reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 1998-2015. During that period, 288 outbreaks were attributed to pork, resulting in 6372 illnesses, 443 hospitalizations, and four deaths. The frequency of outbreaks attributed to pork decreased by 37% during this period, consistent with a decline in total foodborne outbreaks. However, outbreaks attributed to pork increased by 73% in 2015 (19 outbreaks) compared with the previous 3 years (average of 11 outbreaks per year), without a similar increase in total foodborne outbreaks. Most (>99%) of these outbreaks occurred among people exposed in the same state. The most frequent etiology shifted from Staphylococcus aureus toxin during 1998-2001 (19%) to Salmonella during 2012-2015 (46%). Outbreaks associated with ham decreased from eight outbreaks per year during 1998-2001, to one per year during 2012-2015 (P < 0·01). Additional efforts are necessary to reduce outbreaks and sporadic illnesses associated with pork products.