A questionnaire study was conducted among 245 dental students from Bhopal city, Central India, to determine their level of knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding infection control measures and if any correlation exists among the knowledge, attitudes, and practice scores. The self‐administered questionnaire consisted of three parts: knowledge, attitudes, and practice. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare mean of knowledge, attitudes, and practice scores and Kendall's test to compute the correlation between knowledge, attitudes, and practice scores. A p value of ≤0.05 was considered significant for all statistical analyses. We found that 61.2 percent of the dental students had not been vaccinated with hepatitis B. Use of face mask, gloves, eyewear, and protective clothing as standard infection control measures was practiced only by two students. Mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 3.75 (1.01), 3.40 (0.75), and 3.35 (1.04), respectively. Significant linear correlation was seen between attitude and practice scores (r=0.20, p≤0.01). The level of knowledge and practice of infection control measures was poor among dental students. The attitude towards infection control measures was positive, but a greater compliance was needed. We recommend rigorous training on infection control measures prior to graduation and mandatory hepatitis B immunization of students before exposure to clinical practice.
The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) on the institutional delivery and on the nutritional status of children in rural India. Propensity score matching is used to remove selection bias, and then compare the outcome of those who received the ICDS services with those who did not receive. A representative sample of 32,072 women age 15 to 49 years was obtained from the National Family Health Survey-3 (2005Survey-3 ( -2006. The units of analysis were women who had at least one birth during the 5 years period preceding the survey and the children who were born during this period. In this study, the treatment variable was taken as "during pregnancy, received any nutrition and health education from the ICDS." The main outcome measures were institutional delivery and the prevalence of undernutrition. After matching, it was found that the among the rural women who received nutrition and health education specifically from the ICDS had 12.3% higher institutional delivery as compared with those who did not receive. However, no positive impact was observed on children's nutritional status. Thus, for improving the scenario of child nutrition, it is suggested that emphasis be shifted from supplementary feeding to improving environmental hygiene and child feeding practices.
Strengths and Limitations of This StudyRecently, the time span between births was a subject of renewed interest in the field of maternal and child health due to the increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes like the risk of low birth weight, small-for-gestational age, and infant death (Conde-Agudelo, Rosas-Bermúdez, & Kafury-Goeta, 2006). In a wide range of populations, linkages between 733515S GOXXX10.
BackgroundA number of studies have assessed the effectiveness of antenatal care (ANC) on uptake of institutional delivery care. However, none address the issue of association between the different components of ANC i.e. ANC component which is independent of health care delivery systems (timing and number of ANC visits), ANC components which depends on health care delivery systems (specific ANC procedures that women receive) with institutional delivery.MethodsData for the study has been taken from the DHS conducted in the six selected South and South-East Asian countries during 1998–2013. The two dimensions of ANC are the key predictors. The outcome variable is a binary variable, where zero '0' denotes a home delivery and one '1' denotes an institutional delivery. In addition to probit estimation biprobit estimation method has been used to correct for the possible endogeneity.FindingsAnalysis suggests that both the factors show a positive effect on institutional delivery but the level of associations are different. Probit estimation for each country suggests that the association is higher for the factor- which depends on health care delivery systems than the other factor. After correction of endogeneity through biprobit estimation we get the true associations for both the dimensions and it confirms that the ANC components which depends on health care delivery systems is more associated with the utilization of institutional delivery than the other factor.ConclusionsThe content of care may fulfill the women’s need and expectations while visiting for ANC care. The study suggests that the quality of antenatal care must be improved which depends on health care delivery systems to motivates the women to utilize the institutional delivery.
The flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS/sublimis) is a flexor of the digits of the hand and has been reported to have varying degrees of agenesis. During routine cadaveric dissection for undergraduates at SRMS-IMS Bareilly, India, we observed bilateral absence of the FDS tendon to little finger in the upper limbs of a 45-year-old male cadaver. The muscle was normally supplied by a branch of median nerve in the forearm. Variants of the FDS muscle of the little finger have been reported in the literature. Proper knowledge of muscular variations is essential not only for anatomists but also for orthosurgeons, plastic surgeons and neurologists especially when evaluating possible tendon laceration/dysfunction. The FDS has been used as a motor for a wide variety of tendon transfer operations in the hand. CASE REPORTDuring routine dissection of the front of the forearm for undergraduate teaching in the Department of Anatomy, SRMS-IMS, Bareilly, India, we observed bilateral absence of the FDS tendon to the little finger in the upper limbs of a 45-year-old male cadaver. The muscles of the flexor compartment of both limbs were carefully dissected using Cunningham's Manual of Anatomy. After stepwise dissection of the front of forearm, we found the normal origin of the muscle by two heads, viz., humero-ulnar and radial head. A branch of median nerve supplied the muscle. The FDS divided distally into 3 tendons (instead of 4) for the ring, middle and index fingers. Relationship with neighbouring structures was found normal and no other associated abnormalities were noticed. Also, no other variation was noted in the course and insertion of the remaining FDS tendons [Table/ Fig-1 and 2]. The Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon for the little finger remains interconnected with ring and middle finger tendon (except for index finger tendon which seperates early) in the forearm. In the palm, it passes normally through perforated FDS tendon and is inserted to the base of terminal phalanx.
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