A permanent magnet is levitated following the electromagnetic suspension principle using the attractive magnetic force of a wire-wound electromagnet with a hall-effect sensor for position feedback. Taking the hall-effect voltage as an analog parameter and feedback signal to the microcontroller, the strength of the electromagnet is controlled by adjusting the current using the Pulse Width Modulation technique in order to levitate the permanent magnet. The stability of the levitated magnet is enhanced by the use of PID algorithm in the embedded system. Use of Laplace transform for simplification of differential equations and Taylor series for the linearization of system function supports the mathematical computation required for the levitation. Furthermore, by making the feedback signal from hall-effect sensor dependent only on the magnetic field of levitating magnet, an advancement in levitation phenomenon is achieved that aids the levitation with a greater flexibility of changing the position of the levitating magnet along the gravitational axis within a specified range.
The magnetic field of different geometry of the permanent magnet is analytically calculated by using basic principles of the magnetism in very easier approach. Concept of origin shifting and geometrical shape transformation are used to formulate the formula for cuboidal, cubical and cylindrical permanent magnets. This concept can be used for the analysis of magnetic field distribution in space around for permanent magnet as well as electromagnet in a very easier approach. Handy and simplified software is made to calculate the magnetic field due to permanent magnet and electromagnet at any desired position on space. Magnetic field visualization is also done in both magnitude and direction by using MATLAB.
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