With the rising prevalence of DM, households and health systems in these countries will face greater economic burdens. The returns to investment in preventing diabetic complications appear substantial. Countries with large out-of-pocket financing burdens such as India and China are associated with the widest gaps in resource use between insured and uninsured patients. This probably reflects both overuse by the insured and underuse by the uninsured.

Uji efek analgetik dan antiinflamasi ekstrak etanol 70% daun beruwas laut (Sacevola taccada. Gartn.) Roxb) terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan efek analgetik dan antiinflamasi esktrak etanol 70% daun beruwas laut (Sacevola taccada. Gartn.) Roxb) terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan. Penelitian ini adalah  penelitian eksperimental dengan pendekatan pre dan post test control group design. Sampel dibagi dalam 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal, kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, dan kelompok ekstrak. Pada kelompok ekstrak, menggunakan 3 dosis ekstrak yang berbeda yaitu ekstrak dosis 12,5 mg/kgBB, 25 mg/kgBB, dan 37,5 mg/kgBB. Penentuan analgetik dengan metode Writhing test yang diinduksi dengan asam asetat 1% sedangkan antiinflamasi dengan pembentukan edema buatan dengan penginduksi karagen 1%. Efek analgetik dan antiinflamasi diperoleh pada ekstrak etanol 70% daun beruwas laut (Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb) dengan dosis 12,5 mg/kgBB, 25 mg/kgBB, dan 37,5 mg/kgBB yang ditandai dengan jumlah geliatan dan radang pada kaki yang berbeda dengan kelompok kontrol. Hasil analisis statistik menggunakan metode SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solution) menunjukkan bahwa efek analgetik dan antiinflamasi diperlihatkan oleh Ekstrak etanol 70% daun beruwas laut (Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb). dosis 12,5 mg/kgBB, 25 mg/kgBB, dan 37,5 mg/kgBB tidak berbeda nyata dengan asam mefenamat dan natrium diklofenak.

No abstract

The coastal area in Balikpapan Bay and its surrounding area has been devastated after the burst of an underwater oil pipe at the bay on March 31st, 2018, and the crude oil still continues spreading for a few days later. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is used to simulate the currents dynamic and investigate the influence of the current circulation on the spreading of the oil spill in Balikpapan Bay from March 31th to April 15th, 2018, to cover the event i.e. several weeks after the oil spill incident. Model results are validated by calculating the RMSE, MAPE and model skill using water level between available observation data at Semayang Port, Balikpapan station and numerical model from October 1st, 2012 to January 1st, 2013. Verification result of tidal elevation data from observation and model prediction shows a good agreement with RMSE = 7.8 cm, MAPE = 14.3% and model skill = 0.995. Surface currents circulation in Balikpapan Bay can be distinguished by the currents pattern on the spring tide and neap tide condition. During the spring tide condition, the surface currents mostly move to the east after coming out from the bay. However, the surface currents are strongly going southward after come out from the bay on the neap tide condition. Based on the satellite images captured for the next days after the event, the spreading pattern of the oil spill seems to be matched to the pattern of surface currents circulation on the spring tide condition. From the analysis of the model result, it shows that the currents circulation playing the main role to disperse the oil spill in Balikpapan Bay towards the Makassar Strait.