Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and aluminum (Al) in raw bovine milk. Milk consumption was used to calculate the estimated weekly intake (EWI), provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), and target hazard quotient (THQ) for individuals. Metal distribution in dairy products and byproducts was studied as a result of artisanal processing. Material and Methods: Seventy-five raw bovine milk samples were collected from artisanal producers in Alexandria city, West Delta, Egypt, and analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The effect of artisanal dairy processing on metal distribution was studied. Results: The averages of Pb, Cd, and Al in milk samples were 45.06, 4.77, and 2.93 μg/l, with 13.33% and 1.33% of analyzed samples had Pb and Al levels higher than the permissible limits, respectively. The EWI values of Pb, Cd, and Al were 1.050, 0.111, and 0.068 μg/kg body weight, which contributed to about 4.20%, 1.59%, and 0.97% from the PTWI, respectively. The THQ of three metals was <1, which referred to safe consumption. Metal residues were heavily concentrated in artisanal cheese and yogurt after coagulation and fermentation compared with other dairy products. Accordingly, the maximum average and reduction values of Pb, Cd, and Al were 745.87, 51.99, and 71.58 μg/l and −72.87%, −56.5%, and −40.96% in Damietta cheese; 535.51, 40.11, and 62.43 μg/l and −24.11%, −20.74%, and −22.94%) in Kareish cheese; and 418.42, 31.26, and 50.66 μg/l and 3.02%, 5.90%, and 0.27% in yogurt, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicated that consumption of raw bovine milk did not pose a risk to Alexandria citizens. Metal concentration increased in artisanal cheese and yogurt because of metal bio-gathering after coagulation and fermentation. Fat separation, churning, and boiling milk might keep metal concentration in dairy products and byproducts at lower levels than milk. Thus, they are suggested to be applied especially in highly contaminated areas.

Objective: Most people in Matrouh Governorate consume camel milk as a treatment for many diseases in a raw state to obtain nutritive value. Raw dromedary camel milk can be contaminated by Escherichia coli through fecal matter at any point of milk handling; therefore, it may lose its value and safety specifications. This survey aimed to estimate the incidence of E. coli in fresh camel milk. Materials and Methods: 100 fresh camel milk samples (50 from markets and 50 from farms) were randomly collected from different districts in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt, over 4 months for the detection of E. coli incidence through conventional bacterial isolation, molecular investigation, and gene sequencing. Results: The prevalence rates of E. coli in the examined market and farm raw camel milk based on conventional methods were 24% and 8%, respectively, while those by molecular identification using phoA as an E. coli determinate gene were 4% and 6%, respectively. Moreover, E. coli phoA gene phylogenetic analysis revealed high sequence similarity to E. coli strain CP033158.1 in India and E. coli strain CP047594.1 in China. Antibiotic sensitivity of E. coli isolates showed high susceptibility to norfloxacin (10 µg) and cefoperazone (75 µg). On the other hand, high resistance was found in rifamycin (30 µg) and cefoxitin (30 µg). Conclusion: The results indicate that market camel milk is more contaminated than the farms’ own. Additionally, antibiotic resistance is increasing due to antibiotic abuse.

Background: A growing number of studies in the last few years have searched for a potential prognostic role of MDCT to improve PE risk stratification. These studies were accompanied by puzzling details and heterogeneous results. Certain CT parameters have been nominated for this purpose. RV/LV ratio and arterial obstruction index were the most extensively studied parameters.

Milk and dairy products are a unique and essential for growth and healthy development not only for the young but also for all ages, the present work was performed to determine some toxic heavy metals in some dried dairy products sold in Alexandria City. A total of 120 samples representative as 60 milk powder,30 infant foods and 30 dried ice cream mix were collected from groceries and supermarkets and analysed for toxic heavy metal residues including (Pb, Cd, Al and Sn) by using atomic absorption flame emission spectrophotometer. The obtained results revealed that the mean(SD) level of Lead in the examined of milk powder, infant food and dried ice cream mix samples were of 0.185 ± 0.138, 0.134 ± 0.033 and 0.159 ± 0.185 ppm, the samples exceeded the permissible stated by Egyptian standards (0.02ppm) were 18(30%), 8(26.66%), and 13(43.33%), respectively. While, Cadmium residues was detected in 13 (21.66%), 7 (23.33%) and 11 (36.66%), the samples exceeded the Egyptian standards permissible limit (0.05 ppm) were 7 (11.66%), 3 (10%) and 6 (20%), respectively. Aluminium was detected in 10 (16.66%), 5 (16.66 %) and 7 (23.33 %) of examined milk powder, infant food and dried ice cream mix, only 3(5%) of examined milk powder samples were exceeded the permissible limit (0.5 ppm). Tin was detected in 13(21.66%), 9 (30 %) and 10 (33.33 %) of examined milk powder, infant food and dried ice cream mix, respectively. All positive samples were within the Egyptian standards permissible limit (200 ppm). Suggestive measures were discussed to prevent or minimize the levels of toxic heavy metals in dried dairy products.