Background
The aim of the present study was to enhance the solubility of piroxicam (BCS class II drug) using co-crystallization technique and formulate the buccal films of selected co-crystals for improved therapeutic utilization of drug. Co-crystals of drug with various co-formers (molar ratio 1:1) were prepared by solvent evaporation method and were screened for their aqueous solubility and percent drug content. The formation of co-crystals was confirmed by FTIR, DSC and XRD. Piroxicam co-crystals loaded buccal films were prepared and evaluated for in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation while safety of formulation was determined by histopathological study.
Results
The co-crystals prepared with different co-formers have proved their potential to improve the solubility of the drug. Co-crystals of piroxicam-sucralose have shown six-folds more solubility than parent drug. FTIR analysis indicated shifting in characteristics peaks of piroxicam. DSC analysis showed an extra exothermic peak and alteration in characteristic endothermic peak. The powder x-ray diffraction pattern exhibited changes in 2θ values of intense peaks. Thus, formation of co-crystal was confirmed. Physical characters of buccal films were found to be within limits. Formulation F6 showed highest mucoadhesive strength (5617 ± 636 dynes /cm2) while formulation F2 showed highest in vitro drug release after 8 h, i.e., 94.557%. The ex vivo drug permeation of F2 was found to be 84.74%. The hisopathological study revealed that there was no damage to buccal mucosal tissue and was found to be intact.
Conclusion
The piroxicam-suralose co-crystals based mucoadhesive films of piroxicam could be a better formulation approach with improved solubility, safety, and therapeutic efficacy as compared to conventional tablets.
Graphical abstract
Objectives: The present study deals with an in-vitro screening for the anti-solar potential of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cassia auriculata using the UV method. Methods: Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared. Thus, prepared extracts were subjected to phytochemical investigation and evaluated for antioxidant effect using DPPH and antisolar efficacy. Concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 1000 μg/mL (serial dilution) were used for the determination of radical scavenging effect and concentration of 2 mg/mL was used for screening of anti-solar potential using Shimadzu UV-1700 double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Readings were recorded in triplicate and graphs were extrapolated. Results: Extracts revealed the presence of important phytoconstituents such as phenols, triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phytosterols, alkaloids and glycosides. Further, it was observed that Cassia auriculata possesses remarkable antioxidant activity. Significant results of the anti-solar screening study confirm its use as a natural sunscreen. It showed a protective effect against carcinogenic UV radiation. Ethanolic extract was found to be more effective in comparison with aqueous extract. Conclusion: From the data, it can be concluded that aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed promising antioxidant and anti-solar activity which could be considered as a rational alternative to chemically prepared synthetic sunscreen formulations available in the market.
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