ObjectiveD-galactose has been commonly used in rodent models to induce accelerated effects of aging, including those on learning, memory, and muscular tone and coordination. This is normally seen on chronic administration of D-galactose. However, there is minimal suggestive evidence on the short-term effects of the same. The aim of the study was to study the acute and chronic effects of D-galactose on learning and memory in Wistar rats.MethodsTwenty four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the control, standard (rivastigmine), oral D-galactose (200 mg/kg/day) and subcutaneous D-galactose (200 mg/kg/day) for a total duration of 8 weeks. Effects on learning and memory were assessed at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks by Morris water maze model and passive avoidance testing.ResultsBoth oral and subcutaneous D-galactose showed positive effects on learning and memory on acute dosing, whereas this beneficial effect was lost during chronic dosing.ConclusionShort-term administration of D-galactose showed positive effects, while long-term administration nullified these effects.
An elderly man, 78-year-old (informed consent obtained from the patient), was admitted to the hospital, with complaints of difficulty in walking and brief shock like movements of all four limbs. The patient was a chronic smoker and alcoholic (for more than 40 years), with no prior comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, renal issues or CNS disorders. Past history revealed that he had consulted doctors at other hospitals with complaints of cough with haemoptysis for which he was diagnosed to be a case of pulmonary tuberculosis and was initiated on 300 mg of isoniazid, 450 mg of rifampicin and 800 mg of ethambutol. Also, he was advised to continue this multidrug treatment for the next six months. However, after about a month, he developed numbness and tingling sensation, which was diagnosed to be peripheral neuropathy. As this peripheral neuropathy was suspected to be due to isoniazid, the drug was stopped and the patient was started on 500 mg of levofloxacin daily. Four days from the start of levofloxacin therapy, the patient had involuntary movements and on and off altered behaviour (clapping, hitting himself and altered speech). There was no history of loss of consciousness, urinary incontinence or burning sensation in the lower limbs. There was also no history of trauma, difficulty in swallowing or muscular pain.
Background: NSAIDs and opioids are commonly prescribed medications to relieve pain of multiple aetiologies with no effect on the level of consciousness of the patient. They interfere with the mode of transmission of the pain message. A widely prescribed antiepileptic drug, sodium valproate has been used in various non-epileptic conditions like migraine prophylaxis and in the treatment of bipolar disorder because of the multiple mechanisms by which it acts. Vitex negundo has been investigated for antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, hepatoprotective and bronchial relaxant. Very few studies have been done to evaluate its analgesic activity and no study was done on analgesic activity with the combination of modern drug. The more important point to be noted is that Vitex negundo is a natural product and therefore unlikely to cause adverse effects when compared to the traditional drugs used to treat pain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate of analgesic activity of sodium valproate and docosahexaenoic in experimental analgesic models in wistar rats.Methods: For analgesic activity, a total of 36 adult Wistar albino rats were taken and divided into six groups of six rats each. Group I was control (distil water 1ml/kg), Group II received intraperitoneal injection of diclofenac sodium (10mg/kg), Group III, IV were injected intraperitoneal sodium valproate 200, 400mg/kg with distil water respectively and Group V, VI were given sodium valproate 200, 400mg/kg (intraperitoneal) plus EEVN 400mg/kg (orally) respectively. Analgesic activity was assessed using hot plate, tail flick and acetic acid writhing models.Results: Present study revealed that sodium valproate at higher doses (400mg/kg) used either alone along with EEVN (400mg/kg) showed statistically significant analgesic activity in comparison to control in various experimental models for assessing pain.Conclusions: Combination of sodium valproate along with EEVN has shown promising analgesic activity.
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