Evaluation of Acute and Chronic Effects of D-Galactose on Memory and Learning in Wistar Rats

Chogtu, Bharti; Arivazhahan, Avinash; Kunder, Sushil Kiran; Tilak, Amod; Sori, Ravi K; Tripathy, Amruta

doi:10.9758/cpn.2018.16.2.153

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Galactose is a physiological nutrient that is chemically a reducing carbohydrate. It can be combining with glucose and form the disaccharide lactose [50,51]. Xylose or wood sugar has antifungal and antibacterial properties.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Carbohydrates Content in Gentiana Cruciata L. By Gc/MS Method

et al. 2021

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Objective: Thus, the aim of our research was to determine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of carbohydrates in the studied plant material with the prospect of its application as a medicinal plant raw material. Methods: The carbohydrates of the herb of Gentiana cruciata L. determined by GC/MS method. Identification of monosaccharides was based on comparing their retention times with retention times of standards of the mass spectral library NIST 02. Quantification was done by using sorbitol added to the sample. Results: The quantitative content of 4 free carbohydrates such as D-saccharose (38.39 mg/g), D-Pinitol (12.01 mg/g), D-glucose (10.05 mg/g) and D-fructose (1.69 mg/g) was established in the herb of Gentiana cruciata L. Also, this method established the qualitative composition and quantitative content of eight carbohydrates (monosaccharides and their derivatives after hydrolysis): D-glucose (29.66 mg/g), D-Pinitol (22.24 mg/g), L-arabinose (4.26 mg/g), D-galactose (3.55 mg/g), D-xylose (1.80 mg/g), L-rhamnose (1.49 mg/g), D-Dulcitol (0.76 mg/g) and D-mannose (0.44 mg/g). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that carbohydrates from the Gentiana cruciata L. can be used as important resources of new ingredients for the pharmaceutical industry.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Carbohydrates Content in Gentiana Cruciata L. By Gc/MS Method

et al. 2021

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“…A study comparing chronic systemic administration of d-galactose with oral results shows that the route of oral administration can improve cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced AD models in mice, where the protective effect of d-galactose depends on the concentration or route of administration. Hence, there is still controversy surrounding the use of d-galactose through this route orally [7].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies in the accessible literature state that d-galactose can be used for mice with dementia models when administered by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection. However, several studies have shown that oral administration of d-galactose also causes age-related changes [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many studies of dementia model mice with a focus on d-galactose administration through intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injection, whereas oral d-galactose administration has not received enough attention [8]. Most authors mention that chronic administration of d-galactose can cause learning and memory impairment in mice, while the acute effect of d-galactose administration is unclear [7]. Hence, this study is planned to evaluate the impacts of d-galactose induction in Wistar rats through two different routes that are intraperitoneal injection and oral administration of spatial memory using the Y-maze test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in Spatial Memory Impairment in Mice after Oral D-Galactose Administration and Intraperitoneal Injection

Widyastuti

Laksmidewi

Adnyana

et al. 2020

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: The aging process can increase the incidence of dementia, such as spatial memory impairment to remember space, recognize shapes and distances. Research on dementia in mice was carried out by administering d-galactose through intraperitoneal injection, while oral d-galactose administration had not received enough attention. AIM: This study aims to prove the differences in the occurrence of spatial memory impairment in rats induced by d-galactose through two different routes, oral and intraperitoneal injection. METHODS: This study is an experimental study using a post- test control group design. The sample criteria were 20 male Wistar rats aged 12–14 weeks, weighing 200–300 g divided into two groups which are the oral and intraperitoneal injection. Spatial memory assessment based on spontaneous alternation using the Y-maze test was carried out at the end of week 8. RESULTS: In this study, the average spatial memory score after d-galactose administration in the injection group (51.572±4.388) was lower compared to the oral group (66.058±1.551). The Shapiro–Wilk normality test shows that the data are normally distributed with p > 0.05. Independent t-test showed a significant difference in the incidence of spatial memory disorders between the injection and oral groups with p = 0.010 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The conclusion of this study is that d-galactose administration by oral route or intraperitoneal injection causes a decrease in spatial memory in mice. Spatial memory in the injection group was lower than in the oral group. This might be related to the decrease in synaptophysin in the hippocampus of mice due to d-galactose administration by intraperitoneal injection.

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“…In contrast to cognitive deterioration induced by chronic parenteral galactose administration to healthy rodents 36, 37 , we have found that galactose dissolved in drinking water (200 mg/kg/day) available ad libitum, can both prevent 8 and rescue 38 cognitive deficits in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (STZ-icv). Chogtu et al reported both oral and subcutaneous galactose beneficially affect memory and learning; however, the observed effect was dependent on the duration of the treatment 39 . On the other hand, Budni et al reported that even oral galactose treatment has the potential to induce cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in rats when given by oral gavage in a bolus dose once per day at relatively low doses (100 mg/kg) 40 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is galactose a hormetic sugar? Evidence from rat hippocampal redox regulatory network

Homolak

Knezović

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Galactose is a ubiquitous simple monosaccharide with yet incompletely understood biochemical and physiological role. Most of what we currently know about galactose is based on induction from the research on inherited disorders of galactose metabolism and animal models that exploit galactose-induced oxidative stress to model aging in rodents, however, recent evidence also demonstrates unique properties of galactose to conserve cellular function during the periods of starvation, and prevent and alleviate cognitive deficits in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Here, we try to understand the molecular background of both detrimental and beneficial effects of galactose by exploring the acute systemic and hippocampal biochemical changes upon oral administration of galactose solution focusing primarily on the components of the redox regulatory network (RRN). Although orogastric gavage of galactose solution (200 mg/kg) was insufficient to induce systemic RRN disbalance in the first two hours upon administration, analysis of hippocampal RRN revealed a mild pro-oxidative shift accompanied by a paradoxical increase in tissue reductive capacity, suggesting overcompensation of endogenous antioxidant systems in the response to the pro-oxidative stimulus. The more thorough analysis revealed that galactose-induced increment of reductive capacity was accompanied by inflation of the hippocampal pool of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphates indicating ROS detoxification through disinhibition of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway flux, reduced neuronal activity, and upregulation of Leloir pathway gatekeeper enzyme galactokinase-1. Based on the observed findings, and in the context of previous work on galactose, we propose a hormetic hypothesis of galactose action suggesting that the protective effects of galactose might be inseparable from its pro-oxidative effects at the biochemical level.

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Evaluation of Acute and Chronic Effects of D-Galactose on Memory and Learning in Wistar Rats

Cited by 29 publications

References 19 publications

Determination of Carbohydrates Content in Gentiana Cruciata L. By Gc/MS Method

Determination of Carbohydrates Content in Gentiana Cruciata L. By Gc/MS Method

Differences in Spatial Memory Impairment in Mice after Oral D-Galactose Administration and Intraperitoneal Injection

Is galactose a hormetic sugar? Evidence from rat hippocampal redox regulatory network

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