Background/Aim
Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson's Janssen are the three COVID-19 vaccines authorized for emergency use in the United States. This study aims to analyze and compare adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) associated with these COVID-19 vaccines based on Vaccine Adverse Effect Reporting System (VAERS) data.
Methods
We utilized VAERS data from 01
st
Jan 2021 to 30
th
April 2021 to analyze and characterize adverse effects post-vaccination with these authorized COVID-19 vaccines in the US population.
Results
A total of 141208 individuals suffered at least one AEFI following 239.97 million doses of COVID-19 vaccination. The frequency of side effects was 0.04%, 0.06%, and 0.35% following administration of Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson's Janssen vaccines, respectively. Most of the patients had mild systemic side effects, the most common being headache (0.01%) and fever (0.01%). The frequency of serious side effects including anaphylaxis (0.0003%) and death (0.002%) was extremely low.
Conclusion
The three COVID 19 vaccines have a wide safety profile with only minor and self-limiting adverse effects. However, continued monitoring ad surveillance is required to review any unexpected serious adverse effects.
In the present investigation, a gene encoding extracellular lipase was cloned from a Bacillus licheniformis. The recombinant protein containing His-tag was expressed as inclusion bodies in Esherichia coli BL21DE3 cells, using pET-23a as expression vector. Expressed protein purified from the inclusion bodies demonstrated ~22 kDa protein band on 12 % SDS-PAGE. It exhibited specific activity of 0.49 U mg−1 and % yield of 8.58. Interestingly, the lipase displayed activity at wide range of pH and temperature, i.e., 9.0–14.0 pH and 30–80 °C, respectively. It further demonstrated ~100 % enzyme activity in presence of various organic solvents. Enzyme activity was strongly inhibited in the presence of β-ME. Additionally, the serine and histidine modifiers also inhibited the enzyme activities strongly at all concentrations that suggest their role in the catalytic center. Enzyme could retain its activity in presence of various detergents (Triton X-100, Tween 20, Tween 40, SDS). Sequence and structural analysis employing in silico tools revealed that the lipase contained two highly conserved sequences consisting of ITITGCGNDL and NLYNP, arranged as parallel β-sheet in the core of the 3D structure. The function of these conserve sequences have not fully understood.
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