Transgender individuals in Pakistan have been excluded from political and economic systems. In 2009, the Supreme Court of Pakistan for the first time recognised the unique gender identity of transgender individuals. This Order initiated reforms for the protection of the rights of transgender individuals and compelled various government departments to devise guidelines for the issuance of National Identification Cards (NICs) to all transgender individuals and created a legal framework for their full and equal participation in society. This chapter will analyse the effectiveness of this reform project in relation to other legal rules and entrenched social norms. It will start with an analysis of the historical discriminatory laws which led to a marginalisation of transgender individuals, and evaluate whether the recent developments in law, particularly the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018, are sufficient to protect the rights of transgender in Pakistan.
Background: Job stress is now a widely used term use by speech-language pathologists. Workplace workload stress, high levels of time pressure, poor salaries, and the effect on mental health on job performance appear to be the main causes of low productivity in any work context. To combat stress, employees require a certain level of motivation as well as job stress management solutions. Objective: To find the effect of job stress and on Speech-Language Pathologists’ job performance in Pakistan. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study. Sampling technique used for this study was random. It was conducted through social media platforms or online survey. Duration of the study was six months from August 2021 to January 2022, after the approval of IRB. Sample size was 120 that was taken on the basis of (http://www.pslpa.org). SLPs included in this study had experience more than 1 year in Overall Pakistan. Data was collected through structured questionnaire. After the completion of data, all the responses were recorded and frequencies of each question were calculated through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to evaluate final results of research. Results: According to the findings of the study, both males and females were feeling job stress at work. Age, profession, job title, and regular salary all have considerable differences. Workload stress, Job Security stress, Shift work stress, and job performance stress were the 4 components analyzed by the researcher. And these variables indicate distinct levels of occupational stress in SLPs (Severe, Moderate, and Mild). Workload stress accounted for the highest percentage of severe to moderate stress, at 28.78%. Job security stress had mild percentage, indicating that SLPs experienced less stress as a result of job security (27.12 %). Shift work had a high level of stress, which had a negative impact on their job performance (25.12 %). And SLPs experienced a higher level of job performance stress in their work settings, which was 28%. These variables are strongly integrated and had a higher effect on SLPs Job Performance. Conclusion: After analyzing the data using SPSS, it was concluded that Workload had an effect on SLPs job performance in more significant way, shift work and Job performance stress had a higher percentage of job stress in SLPs which affect their Job performance. Only Job security shows the mild job stress in SLPs. Key words: Job Security, Job Performance, Speech-Language Pathologist, Workload, Shift Work, Occupational Stress
Aims: To determine the Food Preferences and factors influencing food selectivity for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Study Design: It was a cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Data was collected within the time frame of six months from February 2019 to July 2019. Data was collected from different educational centers, rehabilitation centers, clinics and special education schools in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using convenient sampling technique. Data was collected from parents of children with Autism by using a questionnaire. Data was collected within the time frame of six months from February 2019 to July 2019. Data was collected from different educational centers, rehabilitation centers, clinics and special education schools in Lahore, Pakistan. Results: In sample of 68 children 22 (32.4%) were female and 46 (67.6%) were male. Out of 68 children, 55(80.8%) liked rice ,40(58.8%) liked junk food, 41(60.2%) liked bread, 38(55.8%) liked crunchy food and 36(53%) liked fruits. Out of 68 children 32(47%) didn’t need certain silverware or temperature to eat food, 33(48%) didn’t prefer to sit with specific person or chair at meals, 31(.5%) didn’t show any behavior like crying and screaming, 30(44.1%) didn’t refuse food if not in a presentable way and 30(44.1%) disagreed to eat single food three times. Conclusion: This study significantly shows that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder has some food preferences. They like to eat soft food like rice and bread rather than churchy one, they like fruits, vegetable, junk food. They show behaviors like throw food while eating and refuses to self-feed. They prefer to watch TV or any electronic device at mealtime. Due to their sensory issues they refuse to taste new food. The result indicates that autistic child has food preferences and they show limited acceptance towards food.
Background: The goal of this research was to find out what factors were associated with these parenting effects in Pakistani mothers and dads who had children with intellectual disability (ID) or autism spectrum disorders (ASD) A total of 191 parents agreed to take part in the study, 100 of whom had a child with ADS and 91 of whom had a child with ID. Each participant filled out standardized parenting stress scale rating scales and provided demographic data during the interview. Families who have children with Autism and ID have higher emotional state, according to structural equation modelling. Objective: To find out parental stress of Pakistani families with children who have developmental disabilities. Methodology: The cross-sectional study was conducted through five different organizations in Lahore, Pakistan (Bases, Rising sun, Dimensions, Autism resource center, Oasis) and from two hospitals (Mayo Hospital Lahore and Sheikh Zaid Hospital). Standardized questionnaire (Parental stress scale) was used. Data was collected through standardized questionnaire after taking inform consent and distributed among the parents with children that have special needs (ASD and ID) Parents were asked to complete a questionnaire. Result scores were recorded for every respondent. The data was analyzed by “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” SPSS (version 22.0). Results: Using a standardized questionnaire, it was shown that the emotional well-being of families with children with ASD and ID was much worse, with both mothers and fathers reporting emotional exhaustion. Stress was exacerbated by a lack of emotional well-being. ASD parents show high percentage of 72.2% and ID parents show highest percentage of 61.1% so according to the given standardized questionnaire points the higher the percentage the higher the stress level. While raising a kid with neurological disabilities has a roughly comparable effect on Pakistani families as it does on parents in other countries, there are evidence that children with ASD and ID provide particular challenges to these families. Conclusion: Parents of both children face higher stress level. High level of parent stress needs timely counselling of the parents about the circumstances that they need to be encountered with having an abnormal child. They shall be aware with the techniques to deviate their mind from the most recurring point of stress. Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, Intellectual disability, Parental stress, Pakistan, Health, developmental disability
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.