Pepper crop (Capsicum annuum,l) is considered one of the most important vegetable crops, under greenhouse conditions. This work aim to study influence of certain environmental factors (Temperature and relative humidity) on population of pepper pests i.e. aphid (Aphis gosspii), white fly (Bemisia tabaci) and spider mites (Tetranychus urticae), through growing seasons 2012 and 2 013, at two different regions (El-Dokki region, Giza governorate and El-Nobria region, Beheria governorate), Egypt. Population of white fly was the most severity compared with other pests, but population of aphid was moderately severity and population of spider mites was less severity. While, population of tested pests were more severity in El-Nobria region (Beheria governorate) than El_Dokki region (Giza governorate). However, population of tested pepper pests were increased with increasing the temperature through studied seasons. Also, population of tested pests were the most severity during the period from May to June compared with the period from January to March for to growing seasons and two regions. Population of all pepper pests were the most severity during may in El_Nobria region (Beheria governorate) during mayjune in El-Dokki region (Giza governorate) Meanwhile, relative humidity was less effectively on population of tested pepper pest through this study.

The journal of Toxicology and pest control is one of the series issued twice by the Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, and is devoted to publication of original papers related to the interaction between insects and their environment. The goal of the journal is to advance the scientific understanding of mechanisms of toxicity. Emphasis will be placed on toxic effects observed at relevant exposures, which have direct impact on safety evaluation and risk assessment. The journal therefore welcomes papers on biology ranging from molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and physiology to ecology and environment, also systematics, microbiology, toxicology, hydrobiology, radiobiology and biotechnology. www.eajbs.eg.net

In the present study, the infectivity of the three entomopathegnic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema riobrave and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, on the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis was studied. Moreover, the effect of these pathogens on certain biochemical and physiological aspects of the host was also studied. H. bacteriophora, appeared to be more pathogenic than S. riobrave and S. feltiae to the S. littoralis larvae. The highest production (7000 infective juveniles) was obtained, where infective juvenile production from cadavers infected with H. bacteriophora was higher than that produced from cadavers infected with S. riobrave and S. feltiae. The principle nutrients (total protein, carbohydrate and lipid) of the host larvae were highly decreased post-infection with the nematodes S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora. The activity of some larval enzymes was also affected due to infection by these nematodes. Thus, the activity of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes (amylase, invertase and trehalose) changed depending on the species of the pathogen and the enzyme. Amylase activity decreased with the infection by H. bacteriophora, and the reverse was obtained with the infection by S. riobrave and S. feltiae where such activity increased. Invertase and Trehalase activity increased with the infection by three nematode species. The highest increase was obtained in case of infection by S. riobrave. Activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases increased due to infection by S. riobrave, H. bacteriophora. The only exception was a non-significant decrease in the alkaline phosphatase activities of larvae infected with S. feltiae. Whereas, the activity of transaminases (GOT and GPT) was highly decreased with the infection by H. bacteriophora and S. riobrave.

The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of four compounds ; achook 0.15% (Azadirachtin) ; cloves-oil (Syzyguim aromaticu) ;Plant extracts damaseia (Ambrosia maritime) and selecron 72.0% EC. (Profenofos) for controlling some squash plants pests; whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.); Aphis gossypii (Glover.), as well as its effects on squash leaves chlorophyll contents. Obtained results cleared that cloves oil exhibited the highest reduction percentages of A. gossypii (97.0and 796.9) followed by damaseia extract (94.2&95.1), achook o.15 % (93.0&92.3), while, selecron was the lowest one (89.7and 788.2) after five days of treatment during 2011 and 2012 seasons. While, whitefly reduction percentages after five days of treatment showed that damaseia extract exhibited the highest reduction (100and100) and(98.2and100) of both adult and immature stages ,followed by selecron 72.0% (100& 89.7) and (97.5 &85.0), cloves oil (97.5 &91.2) ,(96.3 &89.4) and achook 0.15% (95.2 &83.2), (90.9 &82.3) during the two seasons respectively. Squash leaves chlorophyll (a, b) was the highest with cloves oil treatment, followed by damaseia extract,while it was lowest with both achook and selecron treatments.

In order to maximize the sustainable development and minimize using of chemical insecticide and its hazards to the environment, the current study was designed to elucidate the possible predacious effect of some predatory mites namely; Neoseiulus californicus, Typhlodrompis swirskii, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Typhlodromus nigavi, Phytoseiulius persimilis and Vertemic/Egyxide oil combination against Bemisia tabaci, in two summer seasons of tomato cultivars, either as a single treatment or in combination in a 2-yr field study; August 2018 and August 2019 in complete randomized block design. The results indicated that the single treatment of T. swirskii and T. nigavi as well as Vertemic/Egyxide oil (1ml + 2.5 ml/ liter combination) recoded 95.83, 81.16, and 77.39 reduction percentages in B. tabaci population in the first season respectively, the general mean of B. tabaci in the two seasons was 0.598, 3.307 and 3.379 individual/leaflet respectively after treatment by T. swirskii and T. nigavi and Vertemic/Egyxide oil. Moreover, a single treatment of N. californicus and N. cucumeris had a weak reduction effect against B. tabaci. Meanwhile, P. persimilis reduction effect was non significantly different from the control. Whereas, in the case of combination treatment the results indicated that all combination treatment had a significant reduction effect against B. tabaci in the two seasons compared with the control in the two seasons. Our results indicated a considerable role of different predatory mites including; T. swirskii and T. nigavi as effective biological control agents or Vertemic/Egyxide oil combination against B. tabaci and can be useful in integrated management programs of B. tabaci pest.

Experiments were carried out at 27 ± 2 ْ c and 65 ± 5% RH, the onion bulbs and garlic cloves were treated by three plant powders, black pepper seed, cumin seed and basil leaves during two successive seasons 2006 and 2007. The obtained results Balady and Giza 20 onion bulbs cleared that, the tested dust powder black pepper seeds, was highly significantly effect in reducing the mites (Rhizoglyphus robini ;Tyrophagus putrescentia and Tydius sp) level infestation followed by cumin seeds and Basil leave was the least significant effect during storage period. Loss of weight for Balady onion bulbs treated with black pepper seeds and cumin seeds less than Balady onion bulbs treated with Basil leave. However, Loss of weight for Giza 20 onion bulbs in the first season for R. robini treated with black pepper seeds less than cumin seeds and Basil leave.The obtained results cleqred also that, the differences between Eriophyes tulipae [Aceria tulipae] infestation of(Chinese garlic cloves and the`effects of the tested dust plant powders, black pepper seeds, cumin seeds and Basil leaves was not effective i~ minimizmng mite population compared with control. Loss of weight for(Chinese garlic clovås treated with blakk pepper såeds less than Jasil leave followed by cumin seeds.

Climate change could profoundly affect the status of agricultural insect pests. This study is a predict of the two-spotted spider mite in potato and tomato cops annual generation peaks under current and expected future climate by using the relationship between the accumulated thermal heat units expressed as degreedays unit (DDU) and the population fluctuations. The results indicate the population of the predicate annual generation number and duration of T. urticae of tomato and potato crop under current and expected future climatic changes and their relationship with accumulated thermal units (degree-days units), at Beheira, Bani sweif and Sohag governorates. Under current climate mean generation numbers of T. urticae (10-12 and 12) and mean numbers days per generate (21-19 and 19) and mean degree-days units for T. urticae (170.7-170.9 and 167.4) at Beheira, Bani sweif and Sohag governorates, respectively were highly recorded compared with expected future climate in 2050s and 2100s. Meanwhile, future predicate in 2050s and 2100s, mean generation numbers (15-17 generation) were highly recorded, but mean degree-days units (165.2-172.3 unit) were highly recorded and days numbers per generate (14-17 days per generate) were less recorded compared with data of current climate, respectively.

This study was carried out to evaluate efficiency sticky traps on attraction Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on squash plants Cucurbita pepo L. (three squash varieties i.e. Arkan, Sama 740 and Andro 174) under greenhouse conditions at Perkash (Giza governorate) during 2017, 2018 seasons. This study contains three experiments, The first experiment aimed to evaluate the efficiency color of the sticky trap on attraction B. tabaci through comparison between four colors (yellow, blue, red and white). This experiment was carried out on squash plants during the period (February-March). Results showed that the traps which have yellow color more efficiency than others which have (blue, red, and white) color, respectively. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the efficiency height of the yellow sticky trap on attraction B. tabaci through comparison between four heights (2m, 1.5m, 1m and 0.5m) above the ground. And this experiment was carried out on squash plants during the period (April-May). Results showed that the trap which has 2m height above the ground more efficiency than others which have (1.5m, 1m and 0.5m) heights, respectively. The third experiment aimed to evaluation efficiency orientation of the yellow sticky trap on attraction B. tabaci through comparison between four orientations (North, South, East and West). And this experiment was carried out on squash plants during the period (June-July). Results showed that had no clear effect of the trap orientation on attraction B. tabaci.